The Stranger Essay -- English Literature

The StrangerThe Stranger exhibits a society that has confined itself with aspecific set of social standards that dictate the manner in which heap are supposed to act. This ideology determines the level ofmorality, and how much emphasis should placed on following thiscertain ethical structure. Albert Camuss main character, Meursault,is depicted as a nonconformist that is unwilling to play societysgame. Through Meursaults failure to comply with societys values andconform to the norm, he is rejected and also condemned to death bysociety. He is tested for the crime of murder, but is not judged solelyon his actions during the aforementioned crime. He is judged on hisspecific actions that society regards as absurd tally to itssocial standards. Meursaults polar outlook on life differentiateshim from the society around him, and as a result, he is deemed athreat to societys moral standard. He is unwilling to relinquish his philosophical system and subsequently is convicted due to his inabil ity toconform as society intends.Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. Meursaultscharacter is unable to physically express emotion regarding eithersituation. Even through the first person narrative that Camus employs,the endorser is unable to get a grasp as to Meursaults personalfeelings regarding certain matters in the novel. The event of hismothers death seems to have no effect on Meursault. He is neithersaddened nor overjoyed by the news of his mothers death. During thefuneral, he is unable to show any emotion, and gives the reader noinsight as to what he is thinking or feeling. The fact that he did notcry and the fact that he did not pay his reckon comes back to hauntMeurs... ...ble andunknown.The Stranger reveals the condemnation of man who was unwilling toconform to the norm of Algerian society. His unconventional philosophyconcerning life made him an outcast and utilize as a scapegoat forsocietys failure to uphold its own moral standard. It is the fear ofMe ursaults ideology that condemns him. It is the fear that hisideology would affect others from conforming to societys standardthat convicts him and sentences him to death. society had to eradicateany threat that might hinder conformity. Meursault refuses to becomeanother robot of society and adhere to the commonalities that occur insociety. Meursault had to live his life according to his ideology notthat of society. Only by realizing the absurdity of life doesMeursault truly live a fulfilled existence. I felt that I had beenhappy and that I was happy again.

A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Indiv

A Constitutional Framework The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second TreatiseThe supremacy of legislative cater is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Lockes blueprint for the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become unembellished that supreme power in political cabaret rests with the tidy sum, not the legislature, because ultimately, at that place must be a constitution that is written by the people. In clubhouse to most clearly see this, a preeminence must be drawn between the basic political community and the higher level grounding of disposal, and the events that take place in each sector must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between person rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of man-to-man natural rights within Lockes govern handst becomes importantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the volume is close up relatively limited by the power of the majority in political society.The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between mens leaving the state of genius and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Lockes initial political society from his later stage of political society with a government he later calls this stage society itself as distinct from government (XIX, 211) . The events of the enactment stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his airplane propeller and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in g overnment, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural rights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved down the stairs a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter. A Constitutional Framework The Relationship of Supreme Power and IndivA Constitutional Framework The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second TreatiseThe supremacy of legislative power is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Lockes blueprint f or the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become apparent that supreme power in political society rests with the people, not the legislature, because ultimately, there must be a constitution that is written by the people. In order to most clearly see this, a distinction must be drawn between the basic political society and the higher level institution of government, and the events that take place in each sphere must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between individual rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of individual natural rights within Lockes government becomes significantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the majority is still relatively li mited by the power of the majority in political society.The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between mens leaving the state of nature and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Lockes initial political society from his later stage of political society with a government he later calls this stage society itself as distinct from government (XIX, 211) . The events of the transition stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his property and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in government, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural r ights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved under a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter.

Essay --

The State of Israel is one of the youngest countries in the West Asian parting. Since the late 19th centuries Jews from incompatible parts of the world emigrated to the land of their forefathers towards creating a homeland, in an area that was predominantly inhabited by Arab Palestinians for centuries. Since its inception, the Jewish immigration or aliya has been in the process of evolution its own identity and this effort is reflected in its constant search for common roots or to seek a unified Jewish identity for a people after two millenniums of Diaspora. Because of historical reasons and circumstances, Zionism had never accepted the Diaspora as a valid place for the Jews to be their home. The role of the past in the wrench and legitimation of various ethnic and national movements raises importance of archaeology. This is valid for Zionism and its profound interests in historical sites and artefacts grew out of its search for Jewish national identity. Archaeology has been use by different nations as a political tool for the construction of their national identities. There are numerous examples from all over the world such(prenominal) as Soviet Union, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Ireland, Romania, Georgia, Belgian, Portugal, Norway, Albania, Germany, England and Japan etc. where archaeology was used in process of nation building. Archaeology in West Asian and North Africa region has been politicized successively through the efforts of colonialists and during the process of nation state building. Iraq, Israel and Egypt has been used archaeology in the process of nation-building.Archaeological evidences have been used in Israel to create a unified idea of the state through the presentation of the past, its connection to the present, and its... ...60s. The relationship that politicians and generals forged with archaeology was perhaps too intimate. During 1963 to 1965 Yigael Yadin ( first as Chief of mental faculty and then as a professor of archaeology) condu cted excavations at Masada, which received personnel, funding and equipment support from a vast number of national and international Jewish organizations, as well as the Israeli army. The phrase Masada shall not fall again became a slogan for protecting the State of Israel that has become popular even immaterial the country. Furthermore the place and story became part of the socialization process and rituals of youth organizations and the Israeli army. Later it became the revealed site for the swearing in ceremony for the Israel Defence Forces (IDF). after(prenominal) prolonged efforts, the peace process facilitated Masada being declared a UNESCO World heritage Site in 2001.

The Qualities of the Houyhnhnm’s Civilization in Gullivers Travels Ess

In part 4 of Gullivers Travels, Gulliver is abandoned on an island by his crew. As Gulliver begins to look for his surroundings, a group of savages attack him. These savages appear to be human, however they behave like wild animals. Gulliver is rescued by a couple of horses. The horses atomic number 18 called Houyhnhnms be rational creatures which atomic number 18 capable of speech and thought. The horses refer to these human-like creatures as Yahoos and treat them as wild animals incapable of reasoning. Gulliver is very surprised how the Houyhnhnms speak to each other, maculation the Houyhnhnms are equally surprised at the appearance and behavior of Gulliver. The horses lead Gulliver back to their base where they proceed to find out more about him. Gulliver in like manner describes them and how they converse with each other. Gulliver pays close attention to their language and eventually learns how to speak with them. He asks them questions about their culture and learns about their society. He tells them about his society and how horses are treated and how the humans are far superior to the horses. Gulliver is treated very well by the Houyhnhnms.Gulliver spends a lot of time with one horse in particular. Gulliver refers to this horse as his master. Gulliver tells his master of his life and his native land which is England. Gulliver talks about his crew and their lives and troubles. Many of Gullivers crew were lost at ocean and they were replaced by criminals and men who were desperate for work. In describing these men, Gulliver shows his master what human nature is like. Gulliver has a hard time explaining the crimes and motives of men and their actions because his master does not understand knavery and treachery. Gulliver talks about why humans wage wars aga... ... of the Houyhnhnm and their pursuit of knowledge allow them to live in perfect happiness. They are not selfish or greedy and are perfectly honest. If humanity were to strive towards gaining t hese qualities which the Houyhnhnm possess, humans would be more likely to hold a better society. Humanity has created governments in parade to promote justice, peace and prosperity. The Houyhnhnm created a similar government to help them maintain their virtuous society. Humanity must place a large importance on virtue in order to make human society better. Humanity is very different from this land of horses. The horses seem to lack any emotion and are incapable of joy and sorrow. Humans often allow emotions to guide their decision-making process. The Houyhnhnm allow only reason to guide them. Humans should try to replicate this pattern to create better effects for society.

The General Electric Company Essay example -- Technology, Investment

The General Electric Company abbreviated as GE is among the main expanded technology, mass media and pecuniary services corporations internationally. The headquarters is in a town known as Schenectady in New York and in Fairfield, CT. It functions via 11 core areas, they include GE modernistic Materials, GE Consumer & Industrial, GE Energy GE Healthcare, GE Infrastructure, GE Transportation, NBC Universal (80 percent owned by GE), GE Commercial Finance, GE Consumer and GE Insurance. GE is a multinational and functions in in excess of 100 countries globally and makes roughly 45 percent of its incomes away from the US. Through the progress of its over one hundred ten years of invention, GE has amassed in excess of 67,500 copyrights, and the companys scientists have been bestowed with two Nobel Prizes and several other honours. History The antiquity of the General Electric (GE) Company involves a illustrious portion of the antiquity of technology within the borders of US. GE has progressed from the home laboratory belonging to Thomas Edison into one of the biggest corporations within the world, subsequent to the development of electrical technology from the humblest initial presentations into the 21st century s high-tech sorcery. The corporation has correspondingly progressed into a corporation, with a cumulative move from technology to services, and with 11 main in operation(p) units. Swot analysis StrengthsUniversal acknowledgment GE has invested in the world market therefore attaining universal acknowledgment for its exclusive merchandises. Forbes magazine, i... ...nal corporations, GE has to wrestle with much(prenominal) matters and manage them efficiently.Technological Analysis Machinery in the contemporary world is progressing at an massive pace. Pioneering merchandis es are constantly being familiarized utilizing technology that is more groundbreaking every day. Older technology is subsequently being obsolete at an extremely elevated rate transversely all segments in the economy. Heading for majestic competitors, several corporations have turned to novelty, research and expansion, which have resulted in upgraded heights of technology. The degree of technology progression internationally differs with each republic that GE has ventured into as they differ regarding resources accessibilities. Amongst the republics with the uppermost degree of technology progression is Japan and US in which GE has invested in (General Electric, 2009).

The General Electric Company Essay example -- Technology, Investment

The cosmopolitan Electric Company abbreviated as GE is among the main expanded technology, mass media and fiscal services corporations internationally. The headquarters is in a town known as Schenectady in New York and in Fairfield, CT. It functions via 11 core areas, they include GE Advanced Materials, GE Consumer & Industrial, GE Energy GE Healthcare, GE Infrastructure, GE Transportation, NBC Universal (80 percent owned by GE), GE Commercial Finance, GE Consumer and GE Insurance. GE is a multinational and functions in in excess of 100 countries globally and makes roughly 45 percent of its incomes by from the US. Through the progress of its over 110 years of invention, GE has amassed in excess of 67,500 copyrights, and the companys scientists have been bestowed with two Nobel Prizes and several other honours. History The antiquity of the General Electric (GE) Company involves a noteworthy portion of the antiquity o f technology indoors the borders of US. GE has progressed from the home laboratory belonging to Thomas Edison into one of the biggest corporations within the world, subsequent to the development of electrical technology from the humblest initial presentations into the 21st century s high-tech sorcery. The corporation has correspondingly progressed into a corporation, with a cumulative terminate from technology to services, and with 11 main operating units. Swot analysis StrengthsUniversal justification GE has invested in the world market therefore attaining universal acknowledgment for its exclusive merchandises. Forbes magazine, i... ...nal corporations, GE has to wrestle with such matters and manage them efficiently.Technological Analysis Machinery in the contemporary world is progressing at an massive pace. Pioneering merchandises are constantly creation fa miliarized utilizing technology that is more advanced every day. Older technology is subsequently being obsolete at an extremely elevated rate transversely all segments in the economy. Heading for exceeding competitors, several corporations have turned to novelty, research and expansion, which have resulted in upgraded heights of technology. The degree of technology progression internationally differs with each republic that GE has ventured into as they differ regarding resources accessibilities. Amongst the republics with the uppermost degree of technology progression is Japan and US in which GE has invested in (General Electric, 2009).

Market Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler

It is well known that firms be more than likely to bang fair play when their market values are advanced school, relative to book and late(prenominal) market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting make on chief city social structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results mention the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. Introduction Equity market clock refers to the practice of issuing shares at eminent prices and repurchasing shares at low prices.Equity market timing appears to be an important aspect of real corporate financial policy. In this paper, B&W ask how equity market timing effects capital structure and whether it has a short-run or long-run impact. The variableness in market-to-book ratio is a proxy for managers perceptions of misevaluation. The main findi ng is that low supplement firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were high ( thrifty by the book-to-market ratio), man high leverage firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were low.The make of past market valuations in capital structure is economically signifi fuckingt and statistically robust. The influence of past market valuations on capital structure is also quite persistent, this means that they have a long-run impact. The tradeoff theory predicts that temporary fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio or any other variable should have temporary effects. The evidence however indicates long-term effects as well. The standard pecking-order theory implies that periods of high investment forget push leverage higher toward a debt capacity, not lower as the results in this paper kindle.The theory of entrenched managers suggests that managers knead actual investors ex post by not rebalancing the capital structure with debt, this m ay be an explanation of the findings in this paper. 1. Capital structure and past market valuations respective(prenominal) pay decisions depend on market-to-book ratios. Does market-to-book affects capital structure done interlocking equity issues as market timing implies? And does market-to-book has persistent effects that help to justify the cross section of leverage? Data and summary statistics.Table I shows that book leverage decreases sharply following the IPO. Over the next 10 years, it rises slightly, while market value leverage rises more strongly. The book leverage trend is an age effect, not a survival effect. Most notable is the sharp hang on to debt finance in the year following in the IPO. Under B&Ws definitions for financing activity, the change in assets is equal to the sum of net debt issues, net equity issues, and newly retained earnings. The concurrent increase in equity issues is suggestive of market timing.Determinants of annual changes in leverage B&W docu ment the net effect of market-to-book on the annual change in leverage. Then they decompose the change in leverage to examine whether the effects comes through net equity issues, as market timing implies. Three control variables are used that have been found to be correlated to leverage summation tangibility, profitability, and firm size. B&W regress each component (equity issues, debt issues, and newly retained earnings) of changes in leverage on the market-to-book ratio and other self-sufficient variables.This allows them to bump whether market-to-book affects leverage through net equity issues, as market timing implies. The effect of market-to-book on changes in leverage does indeed come through equity issues. Panel C shows that market-to-book is not strongly related to retained earnings, ruling out the possibility that market-to-book affects leverage because it forecasts earnings. The effect of profitability on changes in leverage arises primarily because of retained earnings . Firm size plays an important role at the time of the IPO. Determinants of leverage.If managers do not rebalance to some target leverage ratio, market timing may have persistent effects, and historical valuations will help to explain why leverage ratios differ. The relevant historical chance variable in market valuations is measured by the external finance weight down-average market-to-book ratio. This variable takes high values for firms that raised external finance when the market-to-book ratio was high and vice-versa. The intuitive motivation for this weighting outline is that external financing consequences represent practical opportunities to change leverage.It therefore gives more weight to valuations that prevailed when significant external financing decisions were being made, whether those decisions ultimately went toward debt or equity. This weighted average is better than a set of lagged market-to-book ratios because it picks out, for each firm, precisely which lags ( intervals) are likely to be the nigh relevant. Intuitively the weights correspond to times when capital structure was most likely to be changed. When firms go public, their capital structure reflects a number of factors, including market-to-book, asset tangibility, size, and research and development intensity.As firms age, the cross-section of leverage is more and more explained by past financing opportunities, as determined by the market-to-book ratio, and past opportunities to accumulate retained earnings, as determined by profitability. Historical within-firm variation in market-to-book, not current cross-firm variation, is more important in explaining the cross section of leverage. The results from Table III and IV show that the effect of historical valuations on leverage is large and separate from various effects documented in prior literature.Persistence So far deuce main results have been documented. First, high market valuations reduce leverage in the short run. Second, his torically high market valuations are associated with lower leverage in the cross section. By mensuration changes from the leverage prevailing in the year before the IPO, the dependent variable includes the effect of the IPO itself. This is useful because the IPO is a critical financing event known to be connected to market value. Historical market valuations have large and very persistent effects on capital structure.This effect is independent of various control variables. 2. Discussion Tradeoff theory In perfect and efficient markets capital structure is irrelevant. Some of the imperfections that lead to an optimal tradeoff are as follows senior high schooler taxes on dividends indicate more debt, higher non-debt tax shields indicate less debt, higher costs of financial distress indicate more equity, agency problems can call for more or less debt. The market-to-book ratio can be connected to several elements of the tradeoff theory but it is most commonly attached to costly financi al distress.The key testable prediction of the tradeoff theory is that capital structure eventually adjusts to changes in the market-to-book ratio. However, evidence indicated that variation in the market-to-book ratio has a decades-long impact on capital structure. B&Ws results make the point that a considerable fraction of cross-sectional variation in leverage has nothing to do with an optimal leverage ratio. Pecking order theory In the pecking order theory there is no optimal capital structure. The static model predicts that managers will follow a pecking-order (internal, debt, equity).The pecking order theory regards the market-to-book ratio as a measure of investment opportunities. Periods of high investment opportunities will tend to push leverage higher toward a debt capacity. However, to the extent that high past market-to-book actually coincides with high past investments, B&Ws results suggest that such periods tend to push leverage lower. The dynamic version predicts a rel ationship between leverage and future investment opportunities. B&Ws results control for current market-to-book and show that leverage is much more strongly determined by past values of market-to-book.Managerial entrenchment theory High valuations and good investment opportunities facilitate equity finance, but at the same time allow managers to become entrenched. They may then refuse to raise debt to rebalance in later periods. Market timing theory Capital structure evolves as the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. There are two versions of equity market timing. The first is a dynamic form with rational managers and investors and adverse selection costs that vary across firms or across time. maverick fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio measure variations in adverse selection (information asymmetry). The second version of equity market timing involves irrational investors or managers and time-varying mispricing. If managers try to exploit too-extreme expectations, net equity issues will be positively related to market-to-book. The critical assumption is that markets need not be inefficient, managers may simply believe that they can time the market. 3. Conclusion A variety of evidence suggests that equity market timing is an important aspect of real financial policy.This evidence comes from analyses of actual financing decisions, analyses of long-run returns following equity issues and repurchases, analyses of realized and forecast earnings around equity issues, and surveys of managers. We find that fluctuations in market valuations have large effects on capital structure that persist for at least a decade. The most realistic explanation for the results is that capital structure is largely the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market.

Nutrition leads to Academic Success and better life

All of us deplete an amazing gift, have you ever considered how incredible the human body is? Just look at what the chief is capable of doing and how it deals with our daily clubroom requirements. Our brain ask several truly important ingredients to make it to a greater extent efficient with our academic success. Shockingly, fats ar critical, our brains need good fats. We excessively need proteins, carbohydrates and water. These ingredients are really necessary for us to process in doation effectively. We will now look at the way our brains work. Within your brain, a biochemical process of instruction is occurring, that parallels the classroom get it on.making drawions, finding meaning, and solving problems are learning tasks that require lightning- desist electrical impulses between areas of the brain Its 530pm. You just arrived for your class after a long day at work. You have prepared yourself for this learning experience of visual input, hands-on activities, reading a nd experimentation to absorb as much as possible (Norman). You look around your class room, do you see bright eyes and positive, expectant expressions, or do you see squirming, sleeping, or distracted fellow students. Do you notice if your peers are stressed, depressed and anxious?According to experts, the internal environment of the brain is an integral part of learning, just as important as the classroom environment. You may find in some cases students are not able to learn due to poor nutrition or inadequate hydration (Norman). A balance diet is critical to wellness, and physicians are concerned about todays increased marketing of junk diet and fast food. A trend that so alarming that some have termed it the next tobacco (Jenkins). Within your brain, a biochemical process of learning is occurring, that parallels the classroom experience.Making connections, finding meaning, and solving problems are learning tasks that require lightning-fast electrical impulses between areas of t he brain. Formation of memory requires physical growth and reshaping of networks of brain cells. So that wonderful experience when the lights go on and you say, I get it is a neurochemical process as well as an academic one. By nourishing the brain with healthy food and water, you will optimize the internal environment, enabling you to truly engage in the classroom environment and achieve your potential by knowing what your brain needs (Norman).The nutrients that help our brains work well are found in high concentration in the Mediterranean diet (Jenkins). Place your two fists together, with your inner wrists touching. Your brain is about this size and shape. Most of us have seen the rubbery pink models which arent a good representation the brain is amazingly soft, composed earlier of fat and water. It is grayish and pudding-like composed of 100 billion brain cells called neurons that drive our thinking, learning, feeling and states of being. Neurons need good fats, protein, c omplex carbohydrates, micronutrients vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and water.These nutrients are necessary to power the learning functions of neurons. Its amazing how our neurons connect (Norman). Just imagine your neurons are shaped like an outstretched hand, with fingers spread. Dendrites (fingers) receive information from other neurons, which is then sent through and through the axon (arm) to another neuron. The connection between two cells is called a synapse, where the dendrite of one cell nearly touches the body or axon of another cell. Neurons can connect multiple times with the same cell grow extensions to connect with distant cells, and connect with many different cells at once by growing more dendrites.The brain is dynamic, responsive, and efficient new connections will be made to record and integrate new information learned. Old, un employ connections will be pruned away. This process of expression and pruning is not confined to the time of the classroom experienc e, but continually evolves with all learning that occurs in your life, desegregation what is learned within and outside the classroom, integrating lifes experiences into the knowledge base and personality we have. The raw material for building and pruning of these connections comes from the food we eat. The big question is what should we feed our brains and body (Norman)?In past long time fat was considered an gangrenous part of your diet, now we know that good fats are essential. Our solid matter of the brain is 60% fat, being that our brain consists largely of roly-poly pudding membranes. Most brain fats are polyunsaturated, meaning their structure contains few or no double bonds which makes the molecules flexible. These fats help maintain flexible, dynamic membranes that are able to direct and receive information, and maintain other cell functions such(prenominal) as vigour production and stores water. Cholesterol is a saturated fat that is often linked Adkisson 4 ith heart disease, but the right cholesterol is an important part of a healthy brain. Sufficient quantities of cholesterol are manufactured in the body without dietetic sources. Fat provides energy for the brain as well as a transformation using B-vitamins and other trace nutrients within the neuron to plead unmingled ATP. The best fats to consume are omega-3 oils from fish, nuts, seeds and dark leafy greens. The next ingredient provides the building blocks of our entire body (Norman). Protein provides amino acids that are used to form our neurotransmitters (NT) and support structures in neurons.Tryptophan from turkey and milk is used to produce serotonin, an NT creating feelings of well-being. Tyrosine, an amino acid found in almonds, an avocado, bananas and meat, is used to make dopamine, associated with enthusiasm (Norman). Our bodies produce about half of the twenty amino acids it needs the other ten are obtained from the foods we eat (Jenkins). Amino acids are also reassembled into po werful antioxidants that are used to protect DNA and other cell components from damage. Proteins also form receptors structures embedded in membranes that aid in cell communication.All of us need energy and the best was to get it is through the following (Norman). Carbohydrates are the number one energy source for our brain. Sugar is the main fuel for the brain. Most of us have noticed a boost of energy when we eat something that provides sugar. Keep in mind that consuming excessive sugar for breakfast, causing bursts of energy followed by headaches, discompose concentrating, or drowsiness. When our sugar levels rise in our bloodstream, the pancreas releases insulin, which directs sugar into cells, to reenforcement our blood sugar at a stable level.The more sugar we eat motions more insulin to be released, which leads to drowsiness. Many persons instinctively reach for more sugar to boost their energy, thus initiating this cycle again. People, who begin their day with a large don ut and sugar-coated juice drink, have a candy bar for a snack, followed by a soda afterwards. This becomes an addiction thats very difficult to overcome the astonishing rollercoaster effect of the sugar-insulin response. The best way to overcome it is to make sure your meals contain complex carbohydrates i. e. whole grains or products made with whole grain flour, rather than comminuted sugars.Nonetheless, the absorption rate of refined sugar is generally higher, causing a greater release of insulin. One must not forget the next very important ingredient that 60% of our bodies are made up of (Norman). Im so amazed with the way our neurons store water in detailed balloon-like structures called vacuoles. Water is necessary for optimal brain health and function. Water maintains the tone of our membranes for normal neurotransmission. It improves our circulation and helps in removing wastes. It also keeps our brain from overheating lack of water could cause serious damage. Dehydratio n can lead to fatigue, dizziness, poor concentration and reduced cognitive abilities. Even mild levels of dehydration can impact learning performance. It is enkindle to note that hydration has been found to affect exercise tolerance. People who are dehydrated tend to feel tired during exercise and avoid activity, a risk divisor for obesity. When you are hydrated well before exercise and drink water while exercising leads to an enjoyable experience with less fatigue. Its encouragement to keep a water bottle at you desk to sip throughout your classes to achieve the recommended intake of water throughout the day.Nutrition and hydration make a difference that helps the ground for healthy learning. Making healthier choices is an essential part of your education and well-being. Keep water bottle at your desk throughout your class periods. Eat healthy treats such as whole fruit, whole grain crackers, and veggies. Learn how to choose the healthiest foods from the menus at the mall or car ry a lunch. Incorporate healthy nutrition at work and home. By making these small changes youll be more attentive, and able to enjoy learning and improve you and your families lives (Norman). We all have a gift from God, our bodies are temples.We need to take care of it by feeding it properly, exercising and keeping it healthy. Some of us do not do that, unfortunately. We live in an unhealthy nation. There are steps we can take to make changes that can improve our academic success and lives. Sixty percent of our brain is made up of good fats that we should ensure we get. Proteins support structures in neurons. Carbohydrates are the number one energy source for our brain and water is necessary for optimal brain health and function. A person should have enough respect for their bodies to feed it and make it healthy.

Accounting Assignment Week 5

16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-5 Exercise 16-1Identifying hard cash inflows and outflows Indicate which of the following items exit direct in cash inflows and which will result in cash outflows. The first unrivalled is shown as an example. Initial investiture Outflow Salvage prizes influx Recovery of working capital Inflow Incremental expenses Outflow Working capital commitments Outflow Costsavings Inflow Incremental revenue Inflow Exercise 16-2Determining the shew value of a lump-sum next cash receipt Stan Sweeney turned 20 grades old today. His grandfather established a deposit fund that will pay Mr. Sweeney $80,000 on his next birthday. However, Stan needs money today to start his college education. His father is willing to help and has agreed to give Stan the bequest value of the succeeding(a) cash inflow, assuming a 10 percent rate of knuckle under. Required A. Use a present value table to determine the amount of cash that Stan Sweeneys father should give him.Using the Present Value of $1 table, The factor for 1 year at 10% rate of return is 0. 90909 The PV of $80,000 after year 1 is PV = 80,000 * PV factor PV = 80000 * 0. 90909 PV = $72,727. 20 Based of The Present Value, Stan Sweeneys father should give him $72,727. 20 B. ) Use an algebraic formula to prove that the present value of the trust fund (the amount of cash computed in Requirement a) is equal to its $80,000 future value. Investment + (0. 90909 x Investment) = $80,000 $72,727 + (0. 12 x $72,727. 20) =$80,000 $72,727 + $7,273 = $80,000 $80,000 = $80,000Exercise 16-3Determining the present value of a lump-sum future cash receipt Marsha Bittner expects to receive a $600,000 cash benefit when she retires five years from today. Ms. Bittners employer has offered an early privacy incentive by agreeing to pay her $360,000 today if she agrees to retire immediately. Ms. Bittner desires to earn a rate of return of 12 percent. Required A. Assuming that the retirement benefit is the only considera tion in making the retirement deci- sion, should Ms. Bittner accept her employers offer? Ms. Bittner should not accept the her employers offer.B. Identify the factors that cause the present value of the retirement benefit to be less than $600,000 Inflation is one factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Taxes is another factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Exercise 16-5Determining net present value Metro Shuttle Inc. is considering investing in two new vans that are expected to generate com- bined cash inflows of $28,000 per year. The vans combined purchase price is $91,000. The ex- pected life and take over value of each are four years and $21,000, respectively.Metro Shuttle has an average cost of capital of 14 percent Required a. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity. Present Value FV X PRESENT VALUE = Present Value Equivalent Period 1 28,000 X 0. 877193 $24,561 Period 2 28,000 X 0. 769468 21, 545 Period 3 28,000 X 0. 74972 18,899 Period 4 28,000 X 0. 592080 16,578 TOTAL $ 81,583 b. Indicate whether the investment opportunity is expected to earn a return that is above or below the cost of capital and whether it should be accepted. The investment opportunity is anticipated to earn a return that is below the cost of capital. The investment should not be accepted.

A Defense of an Uncensored Worldwide Web

The fight for an uncensored worldwide web is, of course, characterized with conflicting principles and value.Although this can be resolved by the courts and other political science agencies, there is no doubt that such resolution would not in any way mitigate or stop the struggle. It should be noted that values are not deterministic (behaving in pattern) or located in single set of arguments. They are defined by intensity and of course necessity. there are people who want to abolish the internet in some countries (the president and the imam of Iran for example). There are those who want to regulate the internet that is, put up limitations on internet access.And there are those who view the internet as an avenue for articulation (creativity) where intellectual, emotional, and psychological growth could be achieved.One of the most cognize cases involving the unlimited access to the internet occurred in the Alameda County on January 14, 1999.1 The county court dismissed a lawsuit tha t seeks to require the Livermore Library to censor the use of internet at the library. It was the second time that the request had been denied by the court.The plaintiff argued that the unlimited internet access at the library constituted a public nuisance. 2 She also argued that she had a constitutional right to force the library to discontinue its open access policy. The American Civil Liberties Union of northerly California though in a statement argued that such demonizing of the library also constitutes public nuisance.Not only that the civil liberty to inform was affected, but also the right of the public to be intercommunicate (the policy rests on the First Amendment values). 3 The same organization also noted that the internet use at the Livermore Public Library informed its patrons over its secular content, and that the primary responsibility of supervising the use of internet for children belongs solely to their parents.The same organization noted that it enables each fam ily to be sure that its children use the Internet in a manner that is consistent with its own values without imposing those values on other families.4 After all the arguments and evidences had been examined, the court decided in privilege of the defendant (Livermore Library) that is, for unlimited internet access.Here what one sees is a conflict of values 1) individual freedom vs. order, 2) right to be informed vs. right to be protected from obscene materials, and 3) individual happiness vs. freedom of conscience. Such conflicts though should not be viewed with rigidity. They are conflicts that cannot be reconciled or settled. In this paper, we shall present evidences and arguments that favorably seeks unlimited internet access that is, a defense of an uncensored worldwide web. The first part begins with a staunch defense from a normative view, that is, hedonism.1 move Upholds Livermore Librarys Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (California ACLU of Northern California, January 1 4, 1999). URL http//www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases court_upholds_livermore_librarys_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.2 Ibid 3 Ibid 4 Court Upholds Livermore Librarys Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (California ACLU of Northern California, January 14, 1999). URL http//www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases/court_upholds_livermore_librarys_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

Japanese Music Essay

There atomic number 18 devil assortments of medication recognized to be the oldest forms of traditional lacquerese medicinal drug. They atomic number 18 shmy ( or ?), or Buddhist chanting, and gagaku (?) or orchestral court unison, both of which date to the Nara and Heian periods.citation needed Gagaku is a type of classical symphony that has been per organise at the Imperial court since the Heian periodcitation needed. Kagura-uta (), Azuma-asobi() and Yamato-uta () atomic number 18 indigenous repertories. Tgaku () and komagaku originated from the Chinese Tang dynasty via the Korean peninsulacitation needed. In addition, gagaku is divided into kangen () (instrumental music) and bugaku () (dance accompanied by gagaku). Originating as early as the 13th century argon honkyoku ( accredited pieces). These are single (solo) shakuhachi () pieces contend by mendicant Fuke sect priests of Zen buddhismcitation needed. These priests, c completelyed komus (emptiness monk), dissemb leed honkyoku for alms and enlightenment. The Fuke sect ceased to exist in the nineteenth century, but a verbal and written lineage of many honkyoku confronts today, though this music is now often practiced in a concert or performance setting.citation needed The samurai often listened to and performed in these music activities, in their practices of enriching their lives and accordcitation needed. Traditional musicedit solution editbetaBiwa hshi, Heike biwa, ms, and gozeedit source editbeta The biwa ( Chinese pipa), a form of short-necked lute, was played by a assort of itinerant performers (biwa hshi) () who rehearsed it to accompany stories.citation needed The most famous of these stories is The Tale of the Heike, a 12th-century hi bill of the triumph of the instantamoto clan all over the Tairacitation needed. Biwa hshi began organizing themselves into a guild- alike(p) association (td) for visually impaired men as early as the thirteenth century. This guild eventually controlled a bighearted portion of the musical culture of Japan.citation needed In addition, numerous lower-rankinger groups of itinerant blind musicians were formed especially in the Kyushu areacitation needed. These musicians, know as ms ( blind monk) toured their local areas and performed a variety of religious and semi-religious texts to purify households and bring about good health and good luck. They besides maintained a repertory of secular genres. The biwa that they played was considerably smaller than the Heike biwa () played by the biwa hshi.citation needed Lafcadio Hearn re freshd in his book Kwaidan Stories and Studies of Strange Things Mimi-nashi Hoichi (Hoichi the Earless), a Nipponese ghost story about a blind biwa hshi who performs The Tale of the Heike Blind women, known as goze (), also toured the land since the medieval era, singing call options and playing accompanying music on a lap drum.citation needed From the seventeenth century they often played the ko to or the shamisen. Goze organizations sprung up throughout the land, and existed until young(a)ly in what is today Niigata prefecture.citation needed Taikoedit source editbetaTaiko perfor bitgThe taiko is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres.citation needed It has become particularly democratic in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is base on a variety of folks and festival music of the past. Such taiko music is played by large drum ensembles called kumi-daiko. Its origins are uncertain, but can be stretched out as far back as the 7th centuries, when a clay figure of a drummer indicates its existence. China influences followed, but the instrument and its music remained uniquely Japanese.5 Taiko drums during this period were used during battle to inti middleate the enemy and to communicate commands. Taiko continue to be used in the religious music of Buddhism and Shint. In the past players were holy men, who played except at special occasions and in small groups, but in time secular men (rarely women) also played the taiko in semi-religious festivals such(prenominal) as the bon dance. Modern ensemble taiko is said to have been invented by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951citation needed. A go to sleep drummer, Oguchi incorporated his musical background into large ensembles, which he had also designed. His energetic style made his group washing sodaular throughout Japan, and made the Hokuriku region a center for taiko music. Musicians to arise from this waving of jumpularity include Sukeroku Daiko and his bandmate Seido Kobayashi. 1969 saw a group called Za Ondekoza founded by Tagayasu Den Za Ondekoza gathered together unripened performers who innovated a bare-assed roots revival version of taiko, which was used as a way of life in communal lifestyles. During the 1970s, the Japanese government allocated pecuniary resource to preserve Japanese culture, and many co mmunity taiko groups were formed. Later in the century, taiko groups spread across the world, especially to the United States. The video post Taiko Drum Master is based near taiko. One example of a modern Taiko band is Gocoo. Miny folk musicedit source editbetaA Japanese folkswoman with hershamisen, 1904briny condition MinyJapanese folk songs (miny) can be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to call in of four main categories work songs, religious songs (such as sato kagura, a form of Shintoist music), songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (matsuri, especially Obon), and childrens songs (warabe uta). In miny, singers are typically accompanied by the three-stringed lute known as the shamisen, taiko drums, and a bamboo flute called shakuhachi. Other instruments that could accompany are a crosswise flute known as the shinobue, a bell known as kane, a hand drum called the tsuzumi, and/or a 13-stringed zither known as the kot o. In Okinawa, the main instrument is the sanshin. These are traditional Japanese instruments, but modern instrumentation, such as electric guitars and synthesizers, is also used in this day and age, when enka singers cover traditional miny songs (Enkabeing a Japanese music genre all its own).6 (For a detailed English-language study of all aspects of miny, see the 395-page book by David Hughes.)6 Terms often heard when speaking about miny are ondo, bushi, bon uta, and komori uta. An ondo generally describes any folk song with a distinctive swing that may be heard as 2/4 time rhythm (though performers usually do not group beats). The typical folk song heard at Obon festival dances will most believably be an ondo. A fushi is a song with a distinctive melody. Its very name, which is pronounced bushi incompounds, means melody or rhythm. The word is rarely used on its own, but is usually prefixed by a margin referring to occupation, location, personal name or the like. Bon uta, as the name describes, are songs for Obon, the lantern festival of the dead. Komori uta are childrens lullabies. The names of minyo songs often include descriptive term, usually at the end. For example capital of Japan Ondo, Kushimoto Bushi, Hokkai Bon Uta, and Itsuki no Komoriuta. Many of these songs include extra stress on certain syllables as well as pitch shouts (kakegoe). Kakegoe are generally shouts of cheer but inminy, they are often include as parts of choruses. There are many kakegoe, though they castrate from region to region. In Okinawa Miny, for example, unrivalled will hear the common ha iya sasa In mainland Japan, however, one will be much likely to hear a yoisho, sate, or a sore Others are a donto koi, and dokoisho Recently a guild-based system known as the iemoto system has been use to some forms of miny it is called. This system was originally developed for transmitting classical genres such as nagauta, shakuhachi, or koto music, but since it proved profitable to tea chers and was back up by students who wished to obtain certificates of proficiency and artists names continues to spread to genres such as miny, Tsugaru-jamisen and other forms of music that were traditionally communicable more informally. Today some miny are passed on in such pseudo-family organizations and long apprenticeships are common. See also Ainu music of normality Japan.Okinawan folk musicedit source editbetaMain expression Ryukyuan musicUmui, religious songs, shima uta, dance songs, and, especially kachsh, lively celebratory music, were all popular. Okinawan folk music varies from mainland Japanese folk music in several ways. First, Okinawan folk music is often accompanied by the sanshin whereas in mainland Japan, the shamisen accompanies instead. Other Okinawan instruments include the sanba (which produce a clicking enunciate similar to that of castanets), taiko and a sharp finger whistling called yubi-bue (?). Second, tonality. A pentatonic outgo, which coincides with the major pentatonic scale of Western musical disciplines, is often heard in miny from the main islands of Japan, see miny scale. In thispentatonic scale the subdominant and leading tone (scale degrees 4 and 7 of the Western major scale) are omitted, resulting in a musical scale with no half-steps between each note. (Do, Re, Mi, So, La in solfeggio, or scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) Okinawan miny, however, is characterized by scales that include the half-steps omitted in the aforementioned pentatonic scale, when analyzed in the Western discipline of music. In fact, the most common scale used in Okinawan miny includes scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Traditional instrumentsedit source editbetaMain article Traditional Japanese musical instruments* Biwa ()* Fue ()* Hichiriki ()* Hocchiku ()* Hyshigi ()* Kane ()* Kakko ()* Koky ()* Koto ()* Niko ()* Okawa (AKA tsuzumi) ()* Ryteki ()* Sanshin ()* Shakuhachi (bamboo flute) ()* Shamisen ()* Shime-Daiko ()* Shinobue ()* Sh ()* Sui kinkutsu (water zither) ()* Taiko (i.e. Wadaiko)* Tsuzumi () (AKA Kotsuzumi)-Arrival of Western musicedit source editbetaTraditional pop musicedit source editbetaMain articles Rykka, Kaykyoku, and EnkaAfter the Meiji Restoration introduced Western musical instruction, a bureaucrat named Izawa Shuji compiled songs like Auld Lang Syne and commissioned songs using a pentatonicmelody.citation needed Western music, especially array line, soon became popular in Japan.citation needed Two major forms of music that developed during this period were shoka, which was composed to bring western music to schools, and gunka, which are military marches with some Japanese elements..citation needed As Japan moved towards representative democracy in the late 19th century, leaders hired singers to sell copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. The street performers were called enka-shi.citation needed Also at the end of the 19th century, an Osakan form of streetcorner singing became popular this was called rkyoku. This included the prototypical two Japanese stars, Yoshida Naramaru and Tochuken Kumoemon..citation neededIchiro Fujiyama, influentialrykka singerWesternized pop music is called kaykyoku, which is said to have and offshoot appeared in a dramatization of Resurrection by Tolstoy. The song Kachsha no Uta, composed by Shinpei Nakayama, was sung by Sumako Matsui in 1914. The song became a hit among enka-shi, and was one of the first major surmount-merchandising records in Japan.citation needed . Rykka, which adopted Western classical music, made waves across the country in the prewar period..citation needed Ichiro Fujiyamabecame popular in the prewar period, but war songs later became popular when the World War II occurred..citation needed Kaykyoku became a major industry, especially after the arrival of superstar Misora Hibari.citation needed In the 1950s, tango and other kinds of Latin mu sic, especially Cuban music, became very popular in Japan.citation needed A distinctively Japanese form of tango called dodompa also developed. Kaykyoku became associated entirely with traditional Japanese structures, while more Western-style music was called Japanese pop ( or simply JPop).citation needed Enka music, adopting Japanese traditional structures, became quite popular in the postwar period, though its popularity has waned since the 1970s and enjoys little favour with present-day(a) youth.citation needed Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi and Kiyoshi Hikawa. Artmusicedit source editbetaWestern classical musicedit source editbetaWestern classical music has a strong presence in Japan and the country is one of the most alpha markets for this music tradition.citation needed, with Toru Takemitsu (famous as well for his avant-garde works and movie scoring) being the best known.citation needed Also famous is the conductor Seiji Ozawa. Sinc e 1999 the pianist Fujiko Hemming, who plays Liszt and Chopin, has been famous and her CDs have sell millions of copies.citation needed Japan is also home to the worlds leading wind band.citation needed, the Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra, and the largest music aspiration of any kind, the every(prenominal)-Japan lap Association national contest.citation needed Western classical music does not represent Japans original culture. The Japanese were first heart-to-heart to it in the second half of the 19th century, after more than 200 years of national isolation during the Edo Period.citation needed But after that, Japanese study classical music earnestly to make it a part of their own artistic culture. Orchestras* Gunma Symphony Orchestra* Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra* Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra* Japan philharmonic Orchestra* Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra* Kyoto Symphony Orchestra* Kyushu Symphony Orchestra* Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra* refreshing Japan Philharmonic* NHK Symphony Orchestra* Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa* Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra* Sapporo Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo Symphony Orchestra* Yamagata Symphony Orchestra* Yomiuri Nippon Symphony OrchestraComposers* Rentar Taki (18791903)* Kosaku Yamada (18861965)* Kiyoshi Nobutoki1887-1965* Yasuji Kiyose (19001981)* Masao Ohki (19011971)* Sabur Moroi (19031977)* Kunihiko Hashimoto (19041949)* Tomojir Ikenouchi (19061991)* Yoritsune Matsudaira (19072001)* Hisato Ohzawa (19071953)* Shir Fukai (19071959)* Hisatada Otaka (19111951)* Akira Ifukube (19142006)* Fumio Hayasaka (19141955)* Minao Shibata (1916-1996)* Yoshir Irino (1921-1980)* Sadao Bekku (19222012)* Ikuma Dan (19242001)* Yasushi Akutagawa (19251989)* Roh Ogura (19261990)* Joji Yuasa (born 1929)* Toshiro Mayuzumi (19291997)* Akio Yashiro (19291976)* Teizo Matsumura (19292007)* Toru Takemitsu (19301996)* Makoto Moroi (born 1930)* Hikaru Hayashi (19312012)* Yuzo Toyama (born 1931)* Akira Miyoshi (born 1933)* Toshi Ichiyanagi (born 1933)* Maki Ishii (19362003)* Shigeaki Saegusa (born 1942)* Shin-ichiro Ikebe (born 1943)* Takashi Yoshimatsu (born 1953)* Akira Nishimura (born 1953)* Toshio Hosokawa (born 1955)Jazzedit source editbetaMain article Japanese jazzFrom the 1930s on (except during World War II, when it was repressed as music of the enemy)citation needed jazz has had a strong presence in Japan.citation needed The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that recordings unprocurable in the United States or Europe are available there. A number of Japanese jazz musicians have achieved popularity abroad as well as at home.citation needed Musicians such as June (born in Japan) and Dan (third generation American born, of Hiroshima fame), and Sadao Watanabe have a large fan base outside their native country. Lately, club jazz or nu-jazz has become popular with a growing number of young Japanese.citation needed Native DJs such as Ryota Nozaki (Jazztronik), the two brothers Okino Shuya andOkino Yoshihiro of Kyoto Jazz Massive, Toshio Matsuura (former member of the United early Organization) and DJ Shundai Matsuo creator of the popular monthly DJ event, Creole inBeppu, Japan as well as nu-jazz artists, Sleepwalker, GrooveLine, and Soil & Pimp Sessions have brought great wobble to the traditional notions of jazz in Japan. Some of the newer bands include Ego-Wrappin and Sake shake on with more experimental musicians such as Otomo Yoshihide and Keiji Haino. -Popular musicedit source editbetaJ-Popedit source editbetaMain article J-popJ-pop, an abbreviation for Japanese pop, is a loosely defined musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. Modern J-pop has its roots in 1960s pop and sway music, such as The Beatles, which led to bands such as Happy End fusing flap with Japanese music.7 J-pop was advertise defined by Japanese New Wave ban ds such as Yellow Magic Orchestra and grey All asterisks in the late 1970s.8 Eventually, J-popreplaced kaykyoku (Lyric Singing Music, a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music scene.9The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music. Dance and disco musicedit source editbetaFurther information Eurobeat and Para ParaMomoiro Clover Z is known for its innovative dance performances.10 In 1984, American musician Michael Jacksons record album Thriller became the first album by a Western artist to sell over one million copies in Japanese Oricon charts history.11 His style is cited as one of the models for Japanese dance music, leading the popularity of Avex Group and jokeny & Associates.12 In 1990, Avex Trax began to release the Super Eurobeat series in Japan. Eurobeat in Japan led the popularity of group dance form Para Para. While Avexs artists such as Every Little Thing and Ayumi Hamasaki became popular i n 1990s, new names in the late 90s included Hikaru Utadaand Morning Musume. Hikaru Utadas debut album, First Love, went on to be the highest-selling album in Japan with over 7 million copies sold, whereas Ayumi Hamasaki became Japans spend selling female and solo artist, and Morning Musume remains one of the most well-known girl groups in the Japanese pop music industry. Momoiro Clover Z is known for its energetic dance performances. They are heavily choreographed and cause acrobatic stunts.13 The energetic performances also incorporate elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies.14 Although the girls voices are not very unchangeable when coupled with an intense dance, they never lipsynch.15 A 2013 survey shows that Momoiro Clover Z attracts the highest level of interest of all the femaleidol groups in Japan.16 Rockedit source editbetaIn the 1960s, Japanese rock music bands imitated Western rock musicians such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and the Rolling Stones, along with o ther Appalachian folk music, psychedelic rock,mod and similar genres this was called Group Sounds (G.S.). John Lennon of The Beatles later became one of most popular Western musicians in Japan.17 Group Sounds is a genre of Japanese rock music that was popular in the mid to late 1960s.citation needed After the boom of Group Sounds, there were several influentialsinger-songwriters. Nobuyasu Okabayashi was the first who became widely recognized.citation needed Wataru Takada, inspired by Woody Guthrie, also became popular.citation needed. They both were influenced by American folk music but wrote Japanese lyrics. Takada used modern Japanese poetry as lyrics, while Kazuki Tomokawa made an album using Chuya Nakaharas poems. Tomobe Masato, inspired by Bob Dylan, wrote critically acclaimed lyrics.citation needed The Tigers was the most popular Group Sounds band in the era. Later, some of the members of The Tigers, The Tempters and The Spiders formed the first Japanese supergroup Pyg. Homegr own Japanese folk rock had developed by the late 1960s.citation needed Artists like Happy End are considered to have virtually developed the genre. During the 1970s, it grew more popular.citation needed The Okinawan band Champloose, along with Carol (led by Eikichi Yazawa), RC Succession and Shinji Harada were especially famous and helped define the genres sound. Sometimes also beginning in the late sixties, but in general active in the seventies, are musicians mixing rock music with American-style folk and pop elements, usually labelled folk by the Japanese because of their regular use of the acoustic guitar. This includes bands like Off Course, Tulip, Alice (led by Shinji Tanimura), Kaguyahime, Banban, and Garo. Solo artists of the same movement include Yosui Inoue, Yuming, and Iruka. Later groups, like Kai Band (led by Yoshihiro Kai) and early Southern All Stars, are often attached to the same movement.Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008Several Japanese musicians began experimenting with electronic rock in the early 1970s. The most historied was the internationally renowned Isao Tomita, whose 1972 album Electric Samurai Switched on Rock featured electronic synthesizer renditions of contemporary rock and pop songs.18 Other early examples of electronic rock records include Inoue Yousuis folk rock and pop rock album Ice World (1973) and Osamu Kitajimas progressive psychedelic rockalbum Benzaiten (1974), both of which convoluted contributions from Haruomi Hosono,1920 who later started the electronic music group Yellow Magic Band (later known as Yellow Magic Orchestra) in 1977.21 Most influentially, the 1970s spawned the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, led by Haruomi Hosono. In the1980s, Bowy inspired alternative rock bands like Shonen Knife, Boredoms, The Pillows and Tama & Little Creatures as well as more mainstream bands as Glay. In 1980, Huruoma and Ry Cooder, an American musician, collaborated on a rock album with Shoukichi Kina, driving force b ehind the aforementioned Okinawan band Champloose. They were followed by Sandii & the Sunsetz, who further mixed Japanese and Okinawan influences. Also during the 80s, Japanese alloy and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as visual kei, represented during its history by bands like X Japan, Buck-Tick, Luna Sea,Malice Mizer and many others, some of which experienced national, and international success in the latest years. In the 1990s, Japanese rock musicians such as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, Southern All Stars, LArc-en-Ciel, Tube, Spitz, Wands, T-Bolan, Judy and Mary, Asian KungFu Generation, Field of View, Deen, Ulfuls, Lindberg, Sharam Q, The Yellow Monkey, The Brilliant Green and Dragon Ash achieved great commercial success.citation needed Bz is the 1 best selling act in Japanese music since Oricon started to count.citation needed, followed by Mr. Children.citation needed In the 90s, pop songs were often used in films, gum anime, television advertisement and dramatic prog ramming, proper some of the best-selling forms of music in Japan.citation needed The rise of disposable pop has been linked with the popularity of karaoke, leading to criticism that it is consumerist Kazufumi Miyazawa of The elaborate said I hate that buy, listen, and externalise away and sing at a karaoke bar mentality. Of the visual kei bands Luna Sea, whose members toned down their on-stage attire with on-going success, was either very successful, while Malice Mizer, Lacryma Christi, Shazna, Janne Da Arc, and Fanatic Crisis also achieved commercial success in the late 90s.citation neededGreen Stage of the Fuji Rock fiestaThe first Fuji Rock feast opened in 1997. Rising Sun Rock Festival opened in 1999. Summer Sonic Festival and Rock in Japan Festival opened in 2000. Though the rock scene in the 2000s is not as strong, newer bands such as Bump of Chicken, Sambomaster, Flow, Orange Range, Remioromen,Uverworld, Radwimps and Aqua Timez, which are considered rock bands, have achi eved success. Orange Range also adoptsclarification needed hip hop. Established bands as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, andLArc-en-Ciel also continue to top charts, though Bz and Mr. Children are the only bands to maintain a high standards of their sales along the years. Japanese rock has a vibrant underground rock scene,citation needed best known internationally for noise rock bands such as Boredoms and Melt Banana, as well as stoner rock bands such as Boris and alternative acts such as Shonen Knife (who were championed in the West by Kurt Cobain),Pizzicato Five and The Pillows (who gained international attention in 1999 for the FLCL soundtrack). More conventional indie rock artists such asEastern Youth, The Band Apart and Number Girl have found some success in Japancitation needed, but little recognition outside of their home country. Other notable international touring indie rock acts are Mono and Nisennenmondai. Punk rock / alternativeedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese hardcoreEarly examples of punk rock in Japan include SS, The Star Club, The Stalin, Inu, Gaseneta, Bomb Factory, Lizard (who were produced by the Stranglers) and Friction (whose guitarist Reck had previously played with Teenage Jesus and the Jerks onwards reversive to Tokyo) and The Blue Hearts. The early punk scene was immortalized on film by Sogo Ishii, who directed the 1982 film Burst City featuring a cast of punk bands/musicians and also filmed videos for The Stalin. In the 80s, hardcore bands such as GISM, Gauze, Confuse, Lip Cream and Systematic Death began appearing, some incorporating crossover elements.citation needed The independent scene also included a diverse number of alternative/post-punk/new wave artists such as Aburadako, P-Model,Uchoten, Auto-Mod, Buck-Tick, Guernica and Yapoos (both of which featured Jun Togawa), G-Schmitt, Totsuzen Danball and Jagatara, along with noise/industrial bands such as Hijokaidan andHanatarashi. Ska-punk bands of the late nineties exte nding in the years 2000 include Shakalabbits and 175R (pronounced inago rider). Heavy metaledit source editbetaJapan is known for being a successful area for metal bands touring around the world and many live albums are recorded in Japan. Notable examples are Judas Priests Unleashed in the East, Iron initiatorys Maiden Japan, DeepPurples Made in Japan and Dream Theaters Live at Budokan. From the international bands, such as Angra, Sonata Arctica and frolic especially with their singerKiara Laetitia have had major success in Japan.citation needed Japanese heavy metal bands started emerging in the late 1970s, pioneered by bands like Bow Wow, formed in 1975 by guitarist Kyoji Yamamoto, and Loudness, formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki. Although there existed other contemporary bands, like Earthshaker, Anthem and 44 Magnum, their debut albums were released only around the mid eighties when metal bands started getting a major exposure. First oversease live performances were by Bow Wow in 1978 in Hong Kong and at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, as well played at the Reading Festival inEngland in 1982.22 In 1983, Loudness toured United States and Europe, and started focusing more on an international career. In 1985, the first Japanese metal act was signed to a major label in the United States. Their albums Thunder in the East and Lightning Strikes, released in 1985 and 1986, peaked at number 74 (while number 4 in homeland Oricon chart), and number 64 in theBillboard 200 charts respectively.2324 work on the end of the eightes only two other bands, Ezo and Dead End, got their albums released in the United States. In the eighties few bands had a female members, like all-female band Show-Ya fronted by Keiko Terada, and Terra Rosa with Kazue Akao on vocals. In September 1989, Show-Yas album Outerlimits was released, it reached number 3 in the Oricon album chart.25 Heavy metal bands reached their peak in the late 80s and many disbanded until the mid-1 990s.Concert of pioneer of visual kei, X Japan atHong Kong in 2009 after their 2007 reunion. In 1982, some of the first Japanese glam metal bands were formed, like Seikima-II with Kabuki-inspired makeup, and X Japan who pioneered the Japanese movement known as visual kei, and became the best-selling metal band.26 In 1985, Seikima-IIs album Seikima-II Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy Metal was released and although reached number 48 on the Oricon album chart exceeded 100,000 in sales, first time for any Japanese metal band. Their albums charted regularly in the top ten until mid 90s. In April 1989, X Japans second album Blue Blood was released and went to number 6, and after 108 weeks on charts sold 712,000 copies.27 Their third and best-selling album Jelaousy was released in July 1991 it topped the chartsand sold 1.11 million copies.27 There were released more two number one studio albums, Art of Life and Dahlia, a singles compilation X Singles, all selling more than half a million,28 and s ince the formation had thirteenth top five singles, disbanding in 1997.29 Extreme metaledit source editbetaJapanese extreme metal bands formed in the wake of American and European wave, but didnt get any bigger exposure until the 90s, and like overseas the genre is usually treated as an underground form of music in Japan.citation needed First thrash metal bands formed in the early 80s, like United, whose music also incorporates death metal elements, and Outrage. Uniteds first international performance took place in Los Angeles at the metal festival Foundations Forum in September 1995 and had few albums released in North America. Formed in the mid 80s, Doom played a gig in the United States in October 1988 at CBGB, and was active until 2000 when disbanded. The first bands to play black metal music were Sabbat, who is still active, and Bellzlleb, who was active until early 90s. some other notable act is Sigh. Doom metal has also gained an audience in Japan. The two best-known Japane se doom metal acts are Church of Misery and Boris, both of whom have gained considerable popularity outside the country. Hip-Hopedit source editbetaMain article Japanese hip-hopHip-hop is a newer form of music on the Japanese music scene. Many felt it was a trend that would immediately pass. However, the genre has lasted for many years and is still thriving. In fact, rappers in Japan did not achieve the success of hip-hop artists in other countries until the late 1980s. This was mainly due to the music worlds belief that Japanese sentences were not capable of forming the rhyming effect that was contained in American rappers songs.30 There is a certain, well-defined structure to the music industry called The Pyramid Structure of a Music Scene. As Ian Condry notes, viewing a music scene in terms of a profit provides a more nuanced understanding of how to interpret the significance of opposite levels and kinds of success.31 The levels are as follows (from lowest to highest) fans and potential artists, performing artists, recording artists(indies), major label artists, and mega-hit stars. These different levels can be clearly seen at a genba, or nightclub. Different families of rappers perform on stage. A family is essentially a collection of rap groups that are usually headed by one of the more famous Tokyo acts, which also include a number of proteges.32 They are important because they are the key to understanding stylistic differences between groups.33 Hip-hop fans in the audience are the ones in control of the night club. They are the judges who determine the winners in rap battles on stage. An example of this can be seen with the battle between rap artists Dabo (a major label artist) andKan (an indie artist). Kan challenged Dabo to a battle on stage while Dabo was mid-performance. Another important part of night clubs was displayed at this time. It showed the openness of the scene and the fluidity of boundaries in clubs.34 Electropop and club musicedit sou rce editbetaSee also electronic music, Synthpop, and Electro musicElectronic pop music in Japan became a successful commodity with the Technopop craze of the late 70s and 80s.citation needed, beginning with Yellow Magic Orchestra and solo albums ofRyuichi Sakamoto and Haruomi Hosono in 1978 before hitting popularity in 1979 and 1980. Influenced by disco, impressionistic and 20th century classical composition, jazz/fusion pop, new wave and technopop artists such as Kraftwerk and Telex, these artists were commercial save uncompromising.citation needed Ryuichi Sakamoto claims that to me, making pop music is not a compromise because I enjoy doing it. The artists that fall under the banner of technopop in Japan are as loose as those that do so in the West, thus new wave bands such as P-Model and The Plastics fall under the category alongside the symphonic techno arrangements of Yellow Magic Orchestra. The popularity of this music meant that many popular artists of the 70s that previou sly were known for acoustic music turned to techno production, such as Taeko Onuki and Akiko Yano, and idol producers began employing electronic arrangements for new singers in the 80s.citation needed Today, newer artists such as Polysics pay explicit homage to this era of Japanese popular (and in some cases underground or difficult to obtain) music.citation needed And the all trio girls band Perfume,who debuted with Tokuma Japan in 2005,are also atechno-pop band, taking on electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune, vocoders, and electrohouse upon their signing to a major label. They are currently considered as one of the most popular bands in Japan. Roots musicedit source editbetaIn the late 1980s, roots bands like Shang Shang Typhoon and The Boom became popular. Okinawan roots bands like Nenes and Kina were also commercially and critically successful. This led to the second wave of Okinawan music, led by the sudden success of Rinkenband. A new wave of bands followed, in cluding the comebacks of Champluse and Kina, as led by Kikusuimaru Kawachiya very similar to kawachi ondo is Tadamaru Sakuragawas goshu ondo. Latin, reggae and ska musicedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese reggae and Japanese skaOther forms of music from Indonesia, Jamaica and elsewhere were assimilated. African soukous and Latin music, like Orquesta de la Luz (), was popular as was Jamaicanreggae and ska, exemplified by Mice Teeth, Mute Beat, La-ppisch, Home Grown and Ska Flames, Determinations, and Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. Noise musicedit source editbetaMain article JapanoiseAnother recognized music form from Japan is noise music. The noise from this country is called Japanoise. Its most prominent representative is Masami Akita with his project Merzbow. make-up musicedit source editbetaTheme music composed for films, anime, Tokusatsu, and Japanese television dramas are considered a separate music genre. Several prominent musical artists and groups have spent m ost of their musical careers performing theme songs and composing soundtracks for visual media. Such artists include Masato Shimon (current holder of the world record for most successful single in Japan for Oyoge Taiyaki-kun),35 Ichirou Mizuki, all of the members of JAM Project, Akira Kushida, Isao Sasaki, and Mitsuko Horie. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include Joe Hisaishi, Michiru Oshima, Yoko Kanno, Toshihiko Sahashi, Yuki Kajiura, Ktar Nakagawa and Yuuki Hayashi. Game musiceditsource editbetaSee also Video support music, Chiptune, and BitpopWhen the first electronic games were sold, they only had rudimentary sound chips with which to produce music. As the technology advanced, the quality of sound and music these game machines could produce increased dramatically. The first game to take credit for its music was Xevious, also noteworthy for its deeply (at that time) constructed stories. Though many games have had beautiful music to accompany their gameplay, one of t he most important games in the history of the video game music is Dragon Quest. Koichi Sugiyama, a composer who was known for his music for various anime and TV shows, including Cyborg 009 and a feature film of Godzilla vs. Biollante, got involved in the project out of the pure curiosity and proved that games can have serious soundtracks. Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the development of video games and programmers with little musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well. Undaunted by technological limits, Sugiyama worked with only 8 part polyphony to create a soundtrack that would not tire the player despite hours and hours of gameplay. Another well-known author of video game music is Nobuo Uematsu. Even Uematsus former compositions for the game series, Final Fantasy, on Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System in America) are being arranged for full orchestral score. In 2003, he even took his rock-based tunes from their original M IDI format and created The Black Mages. Yasunori Mitsuda is a highly known composer of such games as Xenogears, Xenosaga Episode I, Chrono Cross, and Chrono Trigger. Koji Kondo, the main composer for Nintendo, is also prominent on the Japanese game music scene. He is best known for the Zelda and Mario themes. Motoi Sakuraba is also another well-known video game composer. He is known for composing the Tales Series, Dark Souls, Eternal Sonata, Star Ocean, Valkyrie Profile, Golden Sun, and theBaten Kaitos games, as well as numerous Mario Sports games. Yuzo Koshiro is also noted for his work with games, having composed electronic music-influenced soundtracks for games like Revenge of Shinobi and the Streets of Rage series. The techno/trance music production group Ive Sound has made a name for themselves first by making themes for eroge computer games, and then by breaking into the anime scene bycomposing themes for them. Unlike others, this group was able to find fans in other parts of the world through their eroge and anime themes. Today, game soundtracks are sold on CD. Famous singers like Hikaru Utada, Nana Mizuki and BoA sometimes sing songs for games as well, and this is also seen as a way for singers to make a names for themselves. -See alsoedit source editbeta* J-pop* Visual kei* All-Japan Band Association* Buddhist music* Chindonya* Enka* Group Sounds* Japanese hardcore* Japanese hip hop* Japanese ska* Japanoise* Oricon* Rykka* Shibuya-kei* Shint music* Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra* List of Japanese rock bands* List of Japanese hip hop musicians* List of J-pop artists* In scale* Voice acting in Japan

Abigail Adams – Short Essay

Former first lady, writer. Born Abigail Smith on November 22, 1744, (by the Gregorian calendar we use today) in Weymouth, Massachusetts. Abigail Adams is go around known as the wife of President John Adams and for her extensive correspondence. She was also the mother of John Quincy Adams who became the sixth president of the United States. The daughter of a minister, she was a devoted reader, studying the works of William Shakespeare and John Milton among others. Adams did not, however, attend school, which was common for girls at the measure. In 1761, she met a lawyer named John Adams.Three years later, the couple married and in brief welcomed their first child, a daughter named Abigail, in 1765. Their family continued to grow with the addition of John Quincy in 1767, Susanna in 1768, Charles in 1770, and Thomas Boylston in 1772. Sadly, Susanna died as a toddler and later the family suffered another tragedy when Abigail delivered a stillborn daughter in 1777. With a busy law prac tice, her husband washed-out a solidifying of time away from home. This situation only worsened as John Adams became an active member of the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War.As a result, the couple spent a lot of time apart. She was also left to carry much of the burden at home, raising their children and caring for the family farm. The couple remained closed by jibe with each other. It is believed that they exchanged to a greater extent than 1,100 letters. Abigail Adams expressed concern active how the new government would treat women. In one of her many letters to her husband, she requested that he Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands.Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. Odd spellings aside, Abigail Adams often expressed her thoughts on political matters with her husband. Throughout his career, Abigail had served an unofficial advisor to him. Their letters show him seeking her way on many issues, including his presidential aspirations.Adams remained a supportive spouse and confidante after her husband became the president in 1797. Some critics objected to Abigails influence over her husband, trading her Mrs. President. The nations second first lady kept a busy schedule when she was in Philadelphia, the countrys capitol at the time. Adams rose primal to tend to family and household matters and spent much of the remainder of the day receiving visitors and hosting events. She still spent a lot of time back in Massachusetts because of her health.Around the time her husband was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 election, the Adams learned of the death of their second son Charles, which was related to his alcoholism. With gr eat sadness, the Adams soon moved to the countrys new capitol, Washington, D. C. , where they became the first residents of the White House. Abigail Adams wrote many letters to family around this time, shedding light on the early days of the new capital and complaining about the unfinished state of their new home.A few months later, after John Adams left office in 1801, they returned to their family farm. With John now retired, the couple was able to spend more time together. She continued to run the farm and to care for the family members, including their eldest child, Nabby (young Abigails nickname), who died of cancer at their home in 1814. Struggling with her own health for decades, Abigail Adams had a stroke in October 1818 and died at home with her family on October 28, 1818.

Abnormality and Normality

Concepts of rulerity and unnaturality The presence of a mental disorder may be considered a deviation from mental health norms and hence the consider of mental disorders is often known as subnormal psychology Normal and atypical, as applied to human behavior, atomic number 18 relative terms. Many people using up these classifications subjectively and carelessly, often in a judgmental manner, to suggest good or bad behavior. As defined in the dictionary, their accurate use would take care easy enough normalconforming to a typical pattern abnormal-deviating from a norm.The trouble lies in the word norm. Whose norm? For what age person? At what period of history ? In which culture ? The definition of the word abnormal is simple enough but applying this to psychology poses a complex problem what is normal? Whose norm? For what age? For what culture? The concept of abnormality is imprecise and difficult to define. Examples of abnormality can take many different forms and involve d ifferent features, so that, what at first sight seem quite reasonable definitions, turns out to be quite problematical.There are several different ways in which it is feasible to define abnormal as opposed to our ideas of what is normal 1. Deviation from statistical norms One way is the statistical approach which is based on the premise that abnormal behaviour is statistically rare. In some cases it is possible to gather data in a numeric form and derive a mean amount value. We can then say that the majority of values which are nearest to the mean are normal, and the minority of values farthest from the mean are abnormal.For example, if the average height of a set of people is five foot eight, with most values falling in the range four feet to half a dozen foot six, then a height of less than three foot or more than eight foot would or probably be considered abnormal. As another example, anxiety can be assessed using Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The mean score for trait anxiety is 40 and people who accomplish over 55 are seen as statistically rare as only 1 in 50 score that high. Therefore those with high pull ahead are seen as deviant from the greater majority of the population.Evaluation The statistical approach helps to address what is meant by normal in a statistical context. It helps us admit cut off points in terms of diagnosis but it still does not helps us define the term. There are many people who consider high levels of anxiety, but would still not be categorised as clinically abnormal it is also equally true that people with very scummy scores on the anxiety scale are also statistically abnormal The decision of where to start the abnormal classification is arbitrary.Who decides what is statistically rare and how do they decide ? For example, if an IQ of 70 is the cut-off point, how can we justify saying someone with 69 is abnormal, and someone with 70 normal ? An important consideration of statistically abnormal values is th at abnormal doesnt tell us about the desirability of the deviation. For example, obesity is a statistically normal but not associated with healthy or desirable. conversely high IQ is statistically abnormal, but may well be regarded as highly desirable

Frei Otto Munich Stadium

MUNICH majestic scene of action//FREI OTTO//1972 gizem akgun/ nuria juanbaro sarret/kanaka raghavan _ADDA 2012-2013 GERMAN PAVILION// MONTREAL//1967// cable television nets TUWAIQ PALACE//SAUDI ARABIA//1970// cable nets prodigious trough//MUNICH//1972// cable nets ORKS MULTIHALLE MANNHIEM //GERMANY//1975// grid smashs JAPAN PAVILION EXPO 2000//HANOVER GERMANY//2000//grid shell German architect and research maneuver 1957 // Development Center for Lightweight Construc on in Berlin. 1964// Ins tute for Lightweight Structures in Stu gart.Exhibited a special gi for crea ng lightweight tent complex body parts Computer-based procedure for determining their shape and behaviour Alterna ve system of grid shell structures HE ARCHITECT /FREI OTTO HE LIGHTWEIGHT PRINCIPLE/tensile Tensile jackets/ every part of the structure is loaded in tension with no requirement to resist compression Cable nets/ grid of morphologic cables in tension forming the framework supports a weather shield. An c las c Surfaces/ tension forces are in equilibrium, the centres of curve ball are in opposite side of the membrane Synclas c Surfaces/ the centres of bend are on the similar side of the membrane n clas c curve hyper paraboloid hyper paraboloid/ minimum 4 pts with alteast 1 pt step forward of plane Less material and e? ort Remarkably large spans Combined tensile structure and biological research Only a few members,are low compression while all others, for instance, cables and membranes, are low tension For tension and rigidity, an clas c or saddle-like curvatures HE LIGHTWEIGHT PRINCIPLE UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM / expand SITE// Originally the se ng of a 1930s air? eld,former training ground for the Bavarian Royal Army and the site of Munichs ? rst civil airport. Ground had been used as a embellish yard for ruined buildings rubble. 00m tall broadcast tower, s ll present today, a major landmark of the site. course of study// 80,000 seats Smaller enclosed sports hall Swimming hall W arm-up arena Enclosed use facility Housing for 3000 people UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /1972 Gunter Behnisch proposed light and open structures con nuous ? uid tent roo? ng resembling natural hills Frei O os Montreal Pavilion was the guiding piece The original system came from mannequin studies where ladies stockings were used to simulate the tents surfaces al proposal CRITICAL STUDIES// Mast heights gave ghter curvature conterminous the masts and leave the unsa sfactory ? t perimeter areas unimproved Increasing the pre-stress to ? at areas would provide the necessary stability, yet scarcely at impossibly high levels of tensioning UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM/ini Winner of the compe on for 1972 olympic park by GUNTER BEHNISCH ERMAN PAVILLION,MONTREAL/1967 Real masterpiece of lightweight architecture,Frei O l/Behnisch Ini al mode o UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /comparisons UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /inspira Dragon? y wings are one three-thousandth of a millimeter thickheaded Up to 1,000 sec ons Compart mental structure, wings do non tear, withstand the pressure that forms during ? ght. Driving regulation for design of roof on 7 saddle-shape cable nets Square meshes that form rhomboids to assume an clas c curvature UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /revised roof Subdivide roof into a patchwork of separate but coupled smaller canopies Support at many points and mostly curved to suitably ght radii. Nets do not extend to the tops of medium height masts, instead hung from very tall masts Masts placed outside the roof or suspended above ground on cables keeping the areas below column-free Roo? ng for the main(prenominal) sports facili esUNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /experiments 1125 scale models exactly proportional both in geometry and in cracking to the envisaged full sized structures UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /structure Interior cables Peripheral cables Cable joints Steel masts concrete underground founda on Acrylic panel cover UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /cables Interior cables//11. 7 mm mesh, 19 heavily ga lvanised 2. 3- and 3. 3mm steel equips A lay length of 10 x the lay diameter Main cables//? ve strands of 37 and 109 wires each Edge cables//vary in speci? a on, typical example ,lockedsurface wire rope of 81 millimetres diameter Twin cables with concentric joints assume square meshes forming rhomboids forming an clas c curves UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /joints Cables arranged in pairs 7575 cm mesh,reduced number of joints Clamps+screw,one bolt per joint,easy construc on 75 cm mesh Saddle connec ons Swaged clamp connec on Erec on/The cable nets completely assembled on ground, li ed to ? nal posi ons. Prestressing/suspension cables were put in posi on, geometry and stresses cables and masts checked Connec on to anchor UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /mastsTension founda ons / anchor the main cables down to earth Inclined slot founda ons (tent pegs ),gravity anchor founda ons (anchoring from self weight),earth anchor founda ons (support the masts) Temporary steel balls provided under the rubber pad s to allow rota on during assembly Cylindrical masts welded steel tubes up to 80 metres long and with a 50mN (5000 ton) load capacity. Transparent roof covering/ 2. 9 x 2. 9-metre acrylic panels , 4mm thk Bolted to the intersec on nodes and angles of intersec on variety show every 6 degrees Temperature moulding, panels on neoprene pedestals, allowing them to ? at, and sealing the joints with con nuous neoprene pro? le clamped to the panel edges Discon nuous joints allowing transaction UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /cover UNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM /conclusions Form ? nding experiments/solu ons for large spans simultaneously gave birth to the skill of compu ng . Final form depends on shape of grid,spacing,pa ern -the geometry of the suppor ng structure the pretension apply to the cable net and its suppor ng structure Advantages/E? cient way of using material Lightweight broad spans Quick construc on

Integrated library system Essay

Computer technologarithmy the major(ip) culprit in the beginning to translate religious service in solving problems it has generated. Research and development is taking place on m whatever presence beyond libraries, including the have it offledge industries, and this trend is certain to plow. In todays complex societies, access to tuition has dumb set up underlying to making division active the day-to-day conduct of public and underground life.As a result, contemporary libraries service entails non solely the traditional functions of preserving and providing access to vast amount of printed substantive but overly the creation of a more sophisticated selective reading environment, star that make function of goods and services of the full range of information technologies to serve the informational, educational, cultural, and recreational needs of bookmans. Libraries argon most effective when their policies, procedures, collection, personnel, services, and faciliti es come through the best practice in the field.To achieve quality program subr come forthine subroutine library service, libraries required professional and support provide coupled with a system that allows automatise treat of library services or transactions. For libraries, information cogitate has always been a piece problem. As a result of the impact of computers, telecommunications, and new information technologies in the field, library and information studies education program vex undergone signifi so-and-sot changes. While the library system the central organizational focus, it needs to improve its system in order to effect change.One of which is the conclusion of information technology. It is for this purpose that the questioners undertake a study automate library system. It is hope that this study result render in enhancing the library services of Vito bailiwick gamey train. Making them more efficient and effective in servicing students in particular and in society. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Vito National noble discipline is inside the bea of Barangay Vito, Sagay metropolis, Negros Occidental. It is located 15 kilometers east of Sagay City along its coastal boundary. It started as Barangay graduate(prenominal) cultivate in 1967 by virtue of the democracy Act no.6054, an act to Institute Charter for Barrio High school yearss which was ap prove on August 4,1969. It was supervised by an Elementary aim Principal, Mr. Angel Ventor in 1967 with only twain teachers in a one Section first year class squatting in the elementary classroom and overly they are sharing the library with the Elementary School. Only a a couple of(prenominal) books was t here(predicate) inside the library. As Mr. Ventor retires, he was succeeded by Mr. Antonio Cawit in 1973 to 1976 who built the first Vito National High School depository library with only 535 books inside it. From 1976-1985, the groom was headed by the real dynamic and ever trusty to his job as principal, Mr.Serafin Ignalaga. After his leadership, he was succeeded by Mr. Rodrigo D. Sanchez in 1986, then Mrs. Felicidad Magbanua in 1987 . With the issuance of Republic Act 6655, otherwise known as the Free Secondary Education Act, the condition was reborn into a Nationalized High School on June 10,1988, with Mrs. Aida P. Perfido, the pioneer teacher as teacher- in- charge (1988-1995), but she was promoted as principal of Col. Griffin Memorial National High School, Minapasok, Calatrava. With that, Mrs. Gina P. Ferraris took the office as OIC , after a year, Mr. Ni rotteror A.Alparito became the ear Teacher I of the School (1996-1997). He was then promoted as Education Supervisor I, T. L. E. of the newly ceremonious Division of Sagay City. It was June of 1998 when Mrs. Gina P. Ferraris was assigned as Head of the School, and was promoted to Principal I, under the supervision of Mrs. Mildred L. Garay, Schools Division Superintendent, Sagay City Division. During the endpoint of Mrs. Ferraris, she requested more books to the Local and City Government, for the students to concur more resources of learning. She got 1,150 total of books from both Local and City Government. It is Mrs.Naneth O. Moraca, took the responsibility as School bibliothec. Library hours was from 730 AM to 430 PM. If the student want to enter in the library, they have to log in two ways. If they leave alone just go there and read their notes they will just log as library substance ab use uprs. And if they want borrow books they will overly log to the library users and to the borrowers log book. Borrowing of books policy the call fitting date of the books of the borrowed books was tercet days after the adoption date, if t student cant return it after the due date they will have a penalty or fine of ten pesos or a pack of floor wax.Maximum of three books, as student can borrow development his or her library card. After ten years of service Mrs. Gina P. Ferraris, it was June 2009 when she was promote as Education Supervisor I for Science. With that, Mrs. Villa Tupaz from Eusebio Lopez Integrated School took placed as Division Principal II. December 10, 2010, Mrs. Villa Tupaz was transferred to Sagay National High School as a replace to Mrs. Bingkas that was promoted also as Educational Supervisor for MAPEH. Mr. Unilo C. Timtim from Eusebio Lopez Integrated School took the responsibility as principal for Vito National High School up to the present.He took much to the library. He gave 5000 pesos reckon every school year. He donated his own books during his high school and college years. The library now contains 3,150 total of books. unflurried Mrs. Naneth O. Moraca was the bibliothec up to the present. Core Values Excellence, Eco-Awareness, Responsibility Vision A high performing school with competent and dynamic administrator and teachers with strong stakeholders elaborate to produce responsive individuals through a break down learning environmen t, preserving the gift of nature.MissionVito National High School aims to produce graduates who are academically competitive, pro-environment and come up-equipped with technological abilities to contribute in the total development of the community. Vito National High School Organizational Structure shoal PRINCIPAL bookmans High School Faculty Canteen Staff Janitorial Staff Cashier Canteen In charge Treasurer Guidance Councilor STUDENT SERVICES Property Custodian librarian General accusatory The purpose of this study is to have a review of the manual library system of VITO NATIONAL laid-back SCHOOL. Specific Objective 1.To know the current library system used by Vito National High School. 2. To prove that using manual library system maximizes the work of the librarians. To proposed a system that reduces spare while in organizing and storing library files and data. NONESCOST LOCALE VNHS VITO CEMETERY OLDSAGAY HIGH-WAY . VITO BRGY. HALL CROSSING BULANON TO BRGY. VITO BRGY. BONIF ACIO CROSSSING VITO SAGAY HIGH-WAY ESCALANTE HIGH-WAY BRGY. RAFAEL BARERA Vito National High School is within the area of Barangay Vito, Sagay City, Negros Occidental. It is located 15 kilometers east of Sagay City along its coastal boundary.Scope and Limitation The kitchen stove of the study is on the automatise library system for Vito National High School specially in borrowing of books. It does not seek to include other systems or subsystems that the school uses. The aspects that the look intoers considered are limited to the particular(prenominal) problem. The study covers by interviewing the librarian, the faculty and staff, and the students of Vito National High School. Review of Related Literature Library solicitude System is a system program that is used in a library for an flourishing use of addition of books, burrowers, issue dates, return dates, fine payments.It is do through a database programmed so, it gives a good user interface to the operating user and a saf e database for the storage of data like books and burrowers. It is very useful software for librarians and it requires a computer for the operation According to Ken Chad of Ken Chad Consulting we are at a major point of change in the wider information economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole. He was writing in a briefing paper about the study in library management systems .This study examined the systems used in higher-education libraries acrossthe UK and came up with some significant observations and recommendations. It historied that the LMS market in UK higher education is already mature and that four main vendors (ExLibris, Innovative, SirsiDynix and Talis) have or so 90 per cent of the market. This market maturity means, according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider are limited.Library users expect to find everything to baffleher says Stephen Abram, vice president for innovation at SirsiDynix, the leading prov ider of software solutions and associated services for libraries.According to her traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was accountable for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last a couple of(prenominal) years, the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to de endurering user experience. According to Elisabeth Robson usability is a key want for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Computer Library Center. The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links.Library management systems also allow circulation, including check in/check out and enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. Accessibility remains the key all information use. As people have become familiar with computer a trend to more direct access has placed developmentd pressured on libraries and other information agencies to proved us ers friendly retrieval system for their client. Research and development is taking place in galore(postnominal) fronts beyond libraries, including the information industries and this trend is certain to continue, effort is concentrated in such as automated system.Including earthy language processing, digitized imaging techniques and telecommunication. Artificial intelligence is being used with saurian for more cognitive approaches to data, including self-acting query reformulations when there is insufficient response to the initial combination of research terms. Frequently involving cognitive psychologist and linguistic scientist in addition and information scientist for librarians information retrieval has always been a human problem. Researchers now realize that no application of technology of artificial intelligence.Parallel processing or networking can be truly effective without knowledge on how people mobilise, learn and cumulate. (Mary E. Dykstra, school of library inform ation studies, Dalhausie University). Methodology This section present rule of research used in the study. It also includes the fact-finding technique, procedures and modeling tools. This aims to describe the nature of situation as it exists at the time of the study and to search the causes of particular phenomena. MODELING TOOLS A. INTERVIEWAn interview is a face to face conversation between two people (the interviewee and the researcher) where questions are expected by the researcher to obtain the desired information from the interviewee. Interviews are useful to get ahead information from individuals. Given below is the interview between the researchers and the librarian, during the information gathering stage of the development of our proposed automated library system. B. OBSERVATION A method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the germane(predicate) facts, actions and behaviors are recorded.It is also one of the earliest method of gaining o r acquiring more knowledge. In this method the researchers observe c resortly to the behavior of their undefended which undergo an investigation in various natural setting. Is every an activity of a living being, such as a human, consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during this activity. An observation can also be the way you look at things or when you look at something. FACT FINDING TECHNIQUES A. Data and Gathering Interview and Documentation.In gathering our information, we circularise an email to the Principals Office of Vito National High School, Barangay Vito, Sagay City, Negros Occidental asking permission if they will allow us to conduct an organizational review about their school specifically in their library. We include in the email our contact number. After we received a message from Vito National High School, we nowadays go there. W e directly go to the principals office to ask permission personally. He ask us to rationalize what is written in the letter. After we explain him what we want to know, he write a letter of accommodation to the librarian as well as to the teachers.We were amazed of the teachers there because they are so very kind and generous to us. In fact, one of the teachers there told us that she felt nervous. We were flattered because we felt that they actually never put themselves higher than us. We asked the librarian some questions about their policies and other matters that can help us. We also asked the students there, at first no one wants to be asked, they were afraid that they might not answer our questions. So, we explain to them that all questions are easy. We have get the information we need to know.ObservationVito National High School had a very kind and generous teachers and students. They are so very open to us. They give the informations we want to know. In their library, they h ave problem for borrowing their books because some books were not returned after borrowing. That is wherefore in the next school year they need to buy new books in replace to the books that had not returned. The teachers there is so very kind and so very hospitable. Students in the first time are ashamed to us, the researchers and they are afraid to be asked. As a whole, the students and teachers in Vito National High School are very good.And about the principal, Mr. Unilo C. Timtim is, our first impression to him is, we thought that he is very strict and he is not approachable but our expectation is reversed to his real attitude, in fact he is very approachable and he also share some of his knowledge to us. Researchers interview with Librarian Researchers Hi, we have come to talk to you regarding the functioning of your library. Librarian Hello, do come in. I was expecting you. Researchersoh Really? We came here to conduct for a review in your library Librarian Ill give you my who le contribution.Researchers severalize me are you excited about the idea of having an automated system for your library? Librarian Yes, I do. genuinely much. After all its gonna reduce our loads of work. Researchers Will you elaborate on it? Librarian study problem is managing the cards of members. There are so many of them. Many times cards get lost. and so we have to issue a duplicate card for it. But there is a shortcoming in it. It is difficult to find out if it is genuinely the case. Member can lie about it so that he/she gets an extra card. And we cant do anything about it. Researchers What do you hark back be grand solution to this?Librarian There should be no cards at all. All the information should be put into computer. So in this way, we plan to get huge revenues after we have an automated system. Researchers How many books are there? Librarian About 3,150 books Researchers Do you forbid records for them? Librarian Yes. Researchers Do you want installation of book ing a particular title in advance? Librarian No we dont want any such instalment. It is an overhead. So we dont have any such facility presently. Researchers How do you categorize your books? Librarian By dewey decimal system.Researchers Would you prefer online registration for users rather than the printed form? Librarian Yes , we really would. Sometimes we lose these forms then we dont have any information about that particular member. It will be better to have it on computer. Researchers Do you have any other expectation or suggestion for the new system? Librarian It should be able to produce reports faster. Researchers Reports? I nably forgot about them. What reports you people produce presently? Librarian Well first is for books in the library, other for members listing, one for our current supplier of books, and reports for finance.Researchers Do you have some format for them? Librarian Yes we do have and we want that the uniform format be used by the new system. Research ers Yes well take care of that. either other suggestions? Librarian No. You have already covered all the fields. Researchers Thanks for your co-operation. It was nice talk of the town to you. Librarian My pleasure. Bye. SIGNED BY SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME We, the researchers took interviews of few students in the library in order to know about their viewpoint about the new system. One of such interview is inclined below. Researchers interview with a student Venue Library Researchers Hello.If you are free, I need to ask you few questions. Student Sure. I pleasure. Researchers Do you know the library people are planning to have an automated system? Student Yes , I do, our librarian already told us about it. And Im notion good about it. Analyst Are you ready to pay more if there is a automated system? Student In the overall functioning is going to improve then I think no one will object to paying more. It should help us finding the books easily. But by what amount, it should matt er. Researchers Well as far as I know they are planning to hike library fee from 100 to 200 for full year.Student That would be too much. Then in that case, they should increase the number of books to be issued. Also the number of days a book can be unploughed by student should also be increased. Researchers What you do think, how much books to be allowed for issue and for how many days. Student Well these people should increase number of books from 3 to at least 4. And the number of days for which a book is kept should be increased by 4 days. Presently it is for 3 days. It should be 5 days. Only then the fee hike will be justified. Researchers Yes, they have such plans. Student Then it should not bother members.Researchers Are you keen on online registration of students instead of normal paper one? Student Yes. Itll be a good practice. Researchers Should there be a facility to reserve a book in advance? Student Presently they have many copies of a single title. ordinarily a book is always available. I never have felt the need to reserve a book in advance. Researchers On what basis a book should be categorized? Student Well, it should be on the basis of dewey decimal system. Researchers What do you think on what basis a search for a particular book can be done? Student It can be searched using subject or title.Researchers How often you visit this library? Student Daily Researchers Do you think magazines and cassettes should be make available in the library? Student I think its a good idea. Researchers Do you like this library? Students Yes, very much. Thats why I come here daily. Researchers oh Thats nice. Well, continue doing . Thank you for your time,. Students Thank You.. SIGNED BY SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME Questionnaires Since the time was less it was not practical to interview every student. So to get the opinion and ideas of a few students and staff, the researchers distributed questionnaires to all of them.1. How is the borrowing of books done Man ual Automated? 2. If were doing to proposed an automated library system of Vito National High School, this can help in your study, are you willing to use it? Yes No 3. If ever there will be a proposed automated library system. Do you think it is economically feasible to Vito National High School? Yes No 4. Is the manual library system convenient to use? Yes No 5. Is there system provided apropos responses to the student complaints? Yes No 6. Are you amenable to change the manual library system to automated library system? Yes. No 7. Do you think automated library system is effective? Yes No 8. Do you think consider computer is the most and important tools in processing of data and string of information? Yes No 9. Do you think your school can afford to implement on automated library system? Yes No 10. Do you think automated library system are useful to the a. Teacher Yes No b. Students Yes No c. Faculty and staff Yes No d. Vito National Hi gh School Yes No 11. Do you think manual library system is effective in terms of a. Procedure Yes No b. Manpower Yes No 12.Do you believe that through this system it can really help improvement of the school? Yes No SIGNED BY SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME Library Policies General Rules 1. Return books three days after the borrowing date if borrowed and if not return it after using so that readers may use them. 2. Sleeping, eating, talking, laughing or doing industrial work is prohibited. 3. Observe proper behavior in the library at all times. Talk softly so as not to disturb other students who are studying. 4. soak up every possible care of each book, magazine and other library materials while they are in your possession. 5.Honesty should be practiced at all times. A student caught stealing books, tearing out a page or pages of a book or other library properties will lose his library privileges. He will have to abide by whatever sanctions the librarian and the Discipl ine police officer will impose upon him. 6. Keep the library clean. 7. Push the chair back against the table after using without dragging them. Identification Card 1. All students must log on to the log book and live their library card. 2. A lost library card is replaced as soon as the student has utilize for replacement. A fine of P20. 00 is imposed. 3. Library cards are non-transferable.Any student who lends his/her library card or borrows somebodys card is subject to suspension of library privileges in which case both will be answerable for this violation. * Circulation of Library Materials * High School students from first year to fourth year are allowed to check out books from the library. * General Reference books like encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, newspapers, magazines and other periodicals are read only in the library and are not allowed to be borrowed and brought out in the library. * Maps, Charts and other visual aid materials can be borrowed by the teachers for classroom use only.* Home reading or fiction books can be borrowed for three days from the borrowing date and can be renewed for three days also. * Students are allowed to borrow three (3) books at a time. * Books borrowed on Friday should be returned on the following Monday. * Fines and Penalties A daily fine of P10. 00 or a pack of floorwax is imposed on every book kept overdue. (Saturdays, Sundays and holidays are not included) * Lost Books 1. When the book is lost, the borrower should report it immediately to the librarian so that fines will not accumulate. Students who have overdue books cannot check out book(s) until they clear their records.Otherwise, a student should replace the akin book with the same title. 2. A book damaged beyond repair must be replaced with the latest edition of the same title and author. 3. Before leaving the librarians counter, borrowers are encouraged to carefully inspect the book(s). They are to report to the librarian immediately any damage that t hey discover. The last borrower will be held responsible for any damage to the books. * Procedures in borrowing * The student must present his/her library card to the librarian. * The librarian will write the complete name of the borrower in the log book. * A due date will be stamped at the log book.Republic of the Philippines Northern Negros State College of Science and engineering science College of study and Technology Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental October 12, 2011 MR. UNILO C. TIMTIM Principal, Vito National High School Brgy. Vito, Sagay City Madam Greetings in Christ name As part of our requirement on System Analysis and Design, we the Junior Information Technology students of NONESCOST are going to conduct research study on system and procedures of government and private agencies as well as business establishments. We are required to come up with a research paper to develop such procedures.In this connection, good-hearted allow us to conduct an interview for a Pr oposed Automated Library System. Please brood all other assistance we may need. We promised to keep all data confidential. Hoping for your favorable response. Respectfully yours, Members MA. FE S. DELA REALJO-ANN M. PABALATE JUDITH PEARL T. MINANOWENALYN M. ALISAN Noted by SAMSON M. LAUSA, MSCS dean Republic of the Philippines Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology College of Information and Technology Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental October 12, 2011 MRS. NANETH O. MORACA Librarian, Vito National High School Brgy. Vito, Sagay City MadamGreetings in Christ name As part of our requirement on System Analysis and Design, we the Junior Information Technology students of NONESCOST are going to conduct research study on system and procedures of government and private agencies as well as business establishments. We are required to come up with a research paper to develop such procedures. In this connection, kindly allow us to conduct an interview for a Proposed A utomated Library System. Please extend all other assistance we may need. We promised to keep all data confidential. Hoping for your favorable response. Respectfully yours, Members MA. FE S. DELA REALJO-ANN M.PABALATE JUDITH PEARL T. MINANOWENALYN M. ALISAN Noted by SAMSON M. LAUSA, MSCS Dean FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION In general, performing a study and to conduct an organizational review is not easy but through the unity of our group and to the cooperation of the principal, faculty and staff, and students of Vito National High School we have able to finish our review. Weve been through different level of interviewing, observing,gathering data and reviewing our work so that our study would be done very well.This review helps the librarian to lessen their works in borrowing books faster and easier, as well as to the studentsto have an easy way of borrowing books from the library. Thus in conclusion, this study will help the Vito National High School for entering the names of the students and teachers who borrowed books. After we reviewed their manual library system we found out that it needs much time for the librarian to record all the borrowed books, so, we suggested them to implement an automated library system for an aim to help the librarian lessen her work.The system is easy to use and easy to developed but we recommend that every assigned librarian or librarian assistant must know how to properly use the new developed automated library system.Bibliography Atkinson Ross the acquisition librarian as a change agent in the transition to the E-library no. 36 (1992). Foskett, A. C. the subject approach to information quaternate Ed, (C. Bingley 1982) Rowley, Jennifer E. organizing knowledge, an introduction to information retrieval (Gower 1987) Practical guide to thesis and desertion writing by Maximiao M. Rivera, jr. and Roela Victoria Rivera (Katha publishing, Inc. Quezon, Boulevard Quezon City, Phil. 1996) http//www. nordis. net/? p=7410 http//www. deakin. ed u. au/library/findout/research/litrev. php.