Japanese Music Essay

There atomic number 18 devil assortments of medication recognized to be the oldest forms of traditional lacquerese medicinal drug. They atomic number 18 shmy ( or ?), or Buddhist chanting, and gagaku (?) or orchestral court unison, both of which date to the Nara and Heian periods.citation needed Gagaku is a type of classical symphony that has been per organise at the Imperial court since the Heian periodcitation needed. Kagura-uta (), Azuma-asobi() and Yamato-uta () atomic number 18 indigenous repertories. Tgaku () and komagaku originated from the Chinese Tang dynasty via the Korean peninsulacitation needed. In addition, gagaku is divided into kangen () (instrumental music) and bugaku () (dance accompanied by gagaku). Originating as early as the 13th century argon honkyoku ( accredited pieces). These are single (solo) shakuhachi () pieces contend by mendicant Fuke sect priests of Zen buddhismcitation needed. These priests, c completelyed komus (emptiness monk), dissemb leed honkyoku for alms and enlightenment. The Fuke sect ceased to exist in the nineteenth century, but a verbal and written lineage of many honkyoku confronts today, though this music is now often practiced in a concert or performance setting.citation needed The samurai often listened to and performed in these music activities, in their practices of enriching their lives and accordcitation needed. Traditional musicedit solution editbetaBiwa hshi, Heike biwa, ms, and gozeedit source editbeta The biwa ( Chinese pipa), a form of short-necked lute, was played by a assort of itinerant performers (biwa hshi) () who rehearsed it to accompany stories.citation needed The most famous of these stories is The Tale of the Heike, a 12th-century hi bill of the triumph of the instantamoto clan all over the Tairacitation needed. Biwa hshi began organizing themselves into a guild- alike(p) association (td) for visually impaired men as early as the thirteenth century. This guild eventually controlled a bighearted portion of the musical culture of Japan.citation needed In addition, numerous lower-rankinger groups of itinerant blind musicians were formed especially in the Kyushu areacitation needed. These musicians, know as ms ( blind monk) toured their local areas and performed a variety of religious and semi-religious texts to purify households and bring about good health and good luck. They besides maintained a repertory of secular genres. The biwa that they played was considerably smaller than the Heike biwa () played by the biwa hshi.citation needed Lafcadio Hearn re freshd in his book Kwaidan Stories and Studies of Strange Things Mimi-nashi Hoichi (Hoichi the Earless), a Nipponese ghost story about a blind biwa hshi who performs The Tale of the Heike Blind women, known as goze (), also toured the land since the medieval era, singing call options and playing accompanying music on a lap drum.citation needed From the seventeenth century they often played the ko to or the shamisen. Goze organizations sprung up throughout the land, and existed until young(a)ly in what is today Niigata prefecture.citation needed Taikoedit source editbetaTaiko perfor bitgThe taiko is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres.citation needed It has become particularly democratic in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is base on a variety of folks and festival music of the past. Such taiko music is played by large drum ensembles called kumi-daiko. Its origins are uncertain, but can be stretched out as far back as the 7th centuries, when a clay figure of a drummer indicates its existence. China influences followed, but the instrument and its music remained uniquely Japanese.5 Taiko drums during this period were used during battle to inti middleate the enemy and to communicate commands. Taiko continue to be used in the religious music of Buddhism and Shint. In the past players were holy men, who played except at special occasions and in small groups, but in time secular men (rarely women) also played the taiko in semi-religious festivals such(prenominal) as the bon dance. Modern ensemble taiko is said to have been invented by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951citation needed. A go to sleep drummer, Oguchi incorporated his musical background into large ensembles, which he had also designed. His energetic style made his group washing sodaular throughout Japan, and made the Hokuriku region a center for taiko music. Musicians to arise from this waving of jumpularity include Sukeroku Daiko and his bandmate Seido Kobayashi. 1969 saw a group called Za Ondekoza founded by Tagayasu Den Za Ondekoza gathered together unripened performers who innovated a bare-assed roots revival version of taiko, which was used as a way of life in communal lifestyles. During the 1970s, the Japanese government allocated pecuniary resource to preserve Japanese culture, and many co mmunity taiko groups were formed. Later in the century, taiko groups spread across the world, especially to the United States. The video post Taiko Drum Master is based near taiko. One example of a modern Taiko band is Gocoo. Miny folk musicedit source editbetaA Japanese folkswoman with hershamisen, 1904briny condition MinyJapanese folk songs (miny) can be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to call in of four main categories work songs, religious songs (such as sato kagura, a form of Shintoist music), songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (matsuri, especially Obon), and childrens songs (warabe uta). In miny, singers are typically accompanied by the three-stringed lute known as the shamisen, taiko drums, and a bamboo flute called shakuhachi. Other instruments that could accompany are a crosswise flute known as the shinobue, a bell known as kane, a hand drum called the tsuzumi, and/or a 13-stringed zither known as the kot o. In Okinawa, the main instrument is the sanshin. These are traditional Japanese instruments, but modern instrumentation, such as electric guitars and synthesizers, is also used in this day and age, when enka singers cover traditional miny songs (Enkabeing a Japanese music genre all its own).6 (For a detailed English-language study of all aspects of miny, see the 395-page book by David Hughes.)6 Terms often heard when speaking about miny are ondo, bushi, bon uta, and komori uta. An ondo generally describes any folk song with a distinctive swing that may be heard as 2/4 time rhythm (though performers usually do not group beats). The typical folk song heard at Obon festival dances will most believably be an ondo. A fushi is a song with a distinctive melody. Its very name, which is pronounced bushi incompounds, means melody or rhythm. The word is rarely used on its own, but is usually prefixed by a margin referring to occupation, location, personal name or the like. Bon uta, as the name describes, are songs for Obon, the lantern festival of the dead. Komori uta are childrens lullabies. The names of minyo songs often include descriptive term, usually at the end. For example capital of Japan Ondo, Kushimoto Bushi, Hokkai Bon Uta, and Itsuki no Komoriuta. Many of these songs include extra stress on certain syllables as well as pitch shouts (kakegoe). Kakegoe are generally shouts of cheer but inminy, they are often include as parts of choruses. There are many kakegoe, though they castrate from region to region. In Okinawa Miny, for example, unrivalled will hear the common ha iya sasa In mainland Japan, however, one will be much likely to hear a yoisho, sate, or a sore Others are a donto koi, and dokoisho Recently a guild-based system known as the iemoto system has been use to some forms of miny it is called. This system was originally developed for transmitting classical genres such as nagauta, shakuhachi, or koto music, but since it proved profitable to tea chers and was back up by students who wished to obtain certificates of proficiency and artists names continues to spread to genres such as miny, Tsugaru-jamisen and other forms of music that were traditionally communicable more informally. Today some miny are passed on in such pseudo-family organizations and long apprenticeships are common. See also Ainu music of normality Japan.Okinawan folk musicedit source editbetaMain expression Ryukyuan musicUmui, religious songs, shima uta, dance songs, and, especially kachsh, lively celebratory music, were all popular. Okinawan folk music varies from mainland Japanese folk music in several ways. First, Okinawan folk music is often accompanied by the sanshin whereas in mainland Japan, the shamisen accompanies instead. Other Okinawan instruments include the sanba (which produce a clicking enunciate similar to that of castanets), taiko and a sharp finger whistling called yubi-bue (?). Second, tonality. A pentatonic outgo, which coincides with the major pentatonic scale of Western musical disciplines, is often heard in miny from the main islands of Japan, see miny scale. In thispentatonic scale the subdominant and leading tone (scale degrees 4 and 7 of the Western major scale) are omitted, resulting in a musical scale with no half-steps between each note. (Do, Re, Mi, So, La in solfeggio, or scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) Okinawan miny, however, is characterized by scales that include the half-steps omitted in the aforementioned pentatonic scale, when analyzed in the Western discipline of music. In fact, the most common scale used in Okinawan miny includes scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Traditional instrumentsedit source editbetaMain article Traditional Japanese musical instruments* Biwa ()* Fue ()* Hichiriki ()* Hocchiku ()* Hyshigi ()* Kane ()* Kakko ()* Koky ()* Koto ()* Niko ()* Okawa (AKA tsuzumi) ()* Ryteki ()* Sanshin ()* Shakuhachi (bamboo flute) ()* Shamisen ()* Shime-Daiko ()* Shinobue ()* Sh ()* Sui kinkutsu (water zither) ()* Taiko (i.e. Wadaiko)* Tsuzumi () (AKA Kotsuzumi)-Arrival of Western musicedit source editbetaTraditional pop musicedit source editbetaMain articles Rykka, Kaykyoku, and EnkaAfter the Meiji Restoration introduced Western musical instruction, a bureaucrat named Izawa Shuji compiled songs like Auld Lang Syne and commissioned songs using a pentatonicmelody.citation needed Western music, especially array line, soon became popular in Japan.citation needed Two major forms of music that developed during this period were shoka, which was composed to bring western music to schools, and gunka, which are military marches with some Japanese elements..citation needed As Japan moved towards representative democracy in the late 19th century, leaders hired singers to sell copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. The street performers were called enka-shi.citation needed Also at the end of the 19th century, an Osakan form of streetcorner singing became popular this was called rkyoku. This included the prototypical two Japanese stars, Yoshida Naramaru and Tochuken Kumoemon..citation neededIchiro Fujiyama, influentialrykka singerWesternized pop music is called kaykyoku, which is said to have and offshoot appeared in a dramatization of Resurrection by Tolstoy. The song Kachsha no Uta, composed by Shinpei Nakayama, was sung by Sumako Matsui in 1914. The song became a hit among enka-shi, and was one of the first major surmount-merchandising records in Japan.citation needed . Rykka, which adopted Western classical music, made waves across the country in the prewar period..citation needed Ichiro Fujiyamabecame popular in the prewar period, but war songs later became popular when the World War II occurred..citation needed Kaykyoku became a major industry, especially after the arrival of superstar Misora Hibari.citation needed In the 1950s, tango and other kinds of Latin mu sic, especially Cuban music, became very popular in Japan.citation needed A distinctively Japanese form of tango called dodompa also developed. Kaykyoku became associated entirely with traditional Japanese structures, while more Western-style music was called Japanese pop ( or simply JPop).citation needed Enka music, adopting Japanese traditional structures, became quite popular in the postwar period, though its popularity has waned since the 1970s and enjoys little favour with present-day(a) youth.citation needed Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi and Kiyoshi Hikawa. Artmusicedit source editbetaWestern classical musicedit source editbetaWestern classical music has a strong presence in Japan and the country is one of the most alpha markets for this music tradition.citation needed, with Toru Takemitsu (famous as well for his avant-garde works and movie scoring) being the best known.citation needed Also famous is the conductor Seiji Ozawa. Sinc e 1999 the pianist Fujiko Hemming, who plays Liszt and Chopin, has been famous and her CDs have sell millions of copies.citation needed Japan is also home to the worlds leading wind band.citation needed, the Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra, and the largest music aspiration of any kind, the every(prenominal)-Japan lap Association national contest.citation needed Western classical music does not represent Japans original culture. The Japanese were first heart-to-heart to it in the second half of the 19th century, after more than 200 years of national isolation during the Edo Period.citation needed But after that, Japanese study classical music earnestly to make it a part of their own artistic culture. Orchestras* Gunma Symphony Orchestra* Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra* Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra* Japan philharmonic Orchestra* Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra* Kyoto Symphony Orchestra* Kyushu Symphony Orchestra* Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra* refreshing Japan Philharmonic* NHK Symphony Orchestra* Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa* Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra* Sapporo Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo Symphony Orchestra* Yamagata Symphony Orchestra* Yomiuri Nippon Symphony OrchestraComposers* Rentar Taki (18791903)* Kosaku Yamada (18861965)* Kiyoshi Nobutoki1887-1965* Yasuji Kiyose (19001981)* Masao Ohki (19011971)* Sabur Moroi (19031977)* Kunihiko Hashimoto (19041949)* Tomojir Ikenouchi (19061991)* Yoritsune Matsudaira (19072001)* Hisato Ohzawa (19071953)* Shir Fukai (19071959)* Hisatada Otaka (19111951)* Akira Ifukube (19142006)* Fumio Hayasaka (19141955)* Minao Shibata (1916-1996)* Yoshir Irino (1921-1980)* Sadao Bekku (19222012)* Ikuma Dan (19242001)* Yasushi Akutagawa (19251989)* Roh Ogura (19261990)* Joji Yuasa (born 1929)* Toshiro Mayuzumi (19291997)* Akio Yashiro (19291976)* Teizo Matsumura (19292007)* Toru Takemitsu (19301996)* Makoto Moroi (born 1930)* Hikaru Hayashi (19312012)* Yuzo Toyama (born 1931)* Akira Miyoshi (born 1933)* Toshi Ichiyanagi (born 1933)* Maki Ishii (19362003)* Shigeaki Saegusa (born 1942)* Shin-ichiro Ikebe (born 1943)* Takashi Yoshimatsu (born 1953)* Akira Nishimura (born 1953)* Toshio Hosokawa (born 1955)Jazzedit source editbetaMain article Japanese jazzFrom the 1930s on (except during World War II, when it was repressed as music of the enemy)citation needed jazz has had a strong presence in Japan.citation needed The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that recordings unprocurable in the United States or Europe are available there. A number of Japanese jazz musicians have achieved popularity abroad as well as at home.citation needed Musicians such as June (born in Japan) and Dan (third generation American born, of Hiroshima fame), and Sadao Watanabe have a large fan base outside their native country. Lately, club jazz or nu-jazz has become popular with a growing number of young Japanese.citation needed Native DJs such as Ryota Nozaki (Jazztronik), the two brothers Okino Shuya andOkino Yoshihiro of Kyoto Jazz Massive, Toshio Matsuura (former member of the United early Organization) and DJ Shundai Matsuo creator of the popular monthly DJ event, Creole inBeppu, Japan as well as nu-jazz artists, Sleepwalker, GrooveLine, and Soil & Pimp Sessions have brought great wobble to the traditional notions of jazz in Japan. Some of the newer bands include Ego-Wrappin and Sake shake on with more experimental musicians such as Otomo Yoshihide and Keiji Haino. -Popular musicedit source editbetaJ-Popedit source editbetaMain article J-popJ-pop, an abbreviation for Japanese pop, is a loosely defined musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. Modern J-pop has its roots in 1960s pop and sway music, such as The Beatles, which led to bands such as Happy End fusing flap with Japanese music.7 J-pop was advertise defined by Japanese New Wave ban ds such as Yellow Magic Orchestra and grey All asterisks in the late 1970s.8 Eventually, J-popreplaced kaykyoku (Lyric Singing Music, a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music scene.9The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music. Dance and disco musicedit source editbetaFurther information Eurobeat and Para ParaMomoiro Clover Z is known for its innovative dance performances.10 In 1984, American musician Michael Jacksons record album Thriller became the first album by a Western artist to sell over one million copies in Japanese Oricon charts history.11 His style is cited as one of the models for Japanese dance music, leading the popularity of Avex Group and jokeny & Associates.12 In 1990, Avex Trax began to release the Super Eurobeat series in Japan. Eurobeat in Japan led the popularity of group dance form Para Para. While Avexs artists such as Every Little Thing and Ayumi Hamasaki became popular i n 1990s, new names in the late 90s included Hikaru Utadaand Morning Musume. Hikaru Utadas debut album, First Love, went on to be the highest-selling album in Japan with over 7 million copies sold, whereas Ayumi Hamasaki became Japans spend selling female and solo artist, and Morning Musume remains one of the most well-known girl groups in the Japanese pop music industry. Momoiro Clover Z is known for its energetic dance performances. They are heavily choreographed and cause acrobatic stunts.13 The energetic performances also incorporate elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies.14 Although the girls voices are not very unchangeable when coupled with an intense dance, they never lipsynch.15 A 2013 survey shows that Momoiro Clover Z attracts the highest level of interest of all the femaleidol groups in Japan.16 Rockedit source editbetaIn the 1960s, Japanese rock music bands imitated Western rock musicians such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and the Rolling Stones, along with o ther Appalachian folk music, psychedelic rock,mod and similar genres this was called Group Sounds (G.S.). John Lennon of The Beatles later became one of most popular Western musicians in Japan.17 Group Sounds is a genre of Japanese rock music that was popular in the mid to late 1960s.citation needed After the boom of Group Sounds, there were several influentialsinger-songwriters. Nobuyasu Okabayashi was the first who became widely recognized.citation needed Wataru Takada, inspired by Woody Guthrie, also became popular.citation needed. They both were influenced by American folk music but wrote Japanese lyrics. Takada used modern Japanese poetry as lyrics, while Kazuki Tomokawa made an album using Chuya Nakaharas poems. Tomobe Masato, inspired by Bob Dylan, wrote critically acclaimed lyrics.citation needed The Tigers was the most popular Group Sounds band in the era. Later, some of the members of The Tigers, The Tempters and The Spiders formed the first Japanese supergroup Pyg. Homegr own Japanese folk rock had developed by the late 1960s.citation needed Artists like Happy End are considered to have virtually developed the genre. During the 1970s, it grew more popular.citation needed The Okinawan band Champloose, along with Carol (led by Eikichi Yazawa), RC Succession and Shinji Harada were especially famous and helped define the genres sound. Sometimes also beginning in the late sixties, but in general active in the seventies, are musicians mixing rock music with American-style folk and pop elements, usually labelled folk by the Japanese because of their regular use of the acoustic guitar. This includes bands like Off Course, Tulip, Alice (led by Shinji Tanimura), Kaguyahime, Banban, and Garo. Solo artists of the same movement include Yosui Inoue, Yuming, and Iruka. Later groups, like Kai Band (led by Yoshihiro Kai) and early Southern All Stars, are often attached to the same movement.Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008Several Japanese musicians began experimenting with electronic rock in the early 1970s. The most historied was the internationally renowned Isao Tomita, whose 1972 album Electric Samurai Switched on Rock featured electronic synthesizer renditions of contemporary rock and pop songs.18 Other early examples of electronic rock records include Inoue Yousuis folk rock and pop rock album Ice World (1973) and Osamu Kitajimas progressive psychedelic rockalbum Benzaiten (1974), both of which convoluted contributions from Haruomi Hosono,1920 who later started the electronic music group Yellow Magic Band (later known as Yellow Magic Orchestra) in 1977.21 Most influentially, the 1970s spawned the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, led by Haruomi Hosono. In the1980s, Bowy inspired alternative rock bands like Shonen Knife, Boredoms, The Pillows and Tama & Little Creatures as well as more mainstream bands as Glay. In 1980, Huruoma and Ry Cooder, an American musician, collaborated on a rock album with Shoukichi Kina, driving force b ehind the aforementioned Okinawan band Champloose. They were followed by Sandii & the Sunsetz, who further mixed Japanese and Okinawan influences. Also during the 80s, Japanese alloy and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as visual kei, represented during its history by bands like X Japan, Buck-Tick, Luna Sea,Malice Mizer and many others, some of which experienced national, and international success in the latest years. In the 1990s, Japanese rock musicians such as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, Southern All Stars, LArc-en-Ciel, Tube, Spitz, Wands, T-Bolan, Judy and Mary, Asian KungFu Generation, Field of View, Deen, Ulfuls, Lindberg, Sharam Q, The Yellow Monkey, The Brilliant Green and Dragon Ash achieved great commercial success.citation needed Bz is the 1 best selling act in Japanese music since Oricon started to count.citation needed, followed by Mr. Children.citation needed In the 90s, pop songs were often used in films, gum anime, television advertisement and dramatic prog ramming, proper some of the best-selling forms of music in Japan.citation needed The rise of disposable pop has been linked with the popularity of karaoke, leading to criticism that it is consumerist Kazufumi Miyazawa of The elaborate said I hate that buy, listen, and externalise away and sing at a karaoke bar mentality. Of the visual kei bands Luna Sea, whose members toned down their on-stage attire with on-going success, was either very successful, while Malice Mizer, Lacryma Christi, Shazna, Janne Da Arc, and Fanatic Crisis also achieved commercial success in the late 90s.citation neededGreen Stage of the Fuji Rock fiestaThe first Fuji Rock feast opened in 1997. Rising Sun Rock Festival opened in 1999. Summer Sonic Festival and Rock in Japan Festival opened in 2000. Though the rock scene in the 2000s is not as strong, newer bands such as Bump of Chicken, Sambomaster, Flow, Orange Range, Remioromen,Uverworld, Radwimps and Aqua Timez, which are considered rock bands, have achi eved success. Orange Range also adoptsclarification needed hip hop. Established bands as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, andLArc-en-Ciel also continue to top charts, though Bz and Mr. Children are the only bands to maintain a high standards of their sales along the years. Japanese rock has a vibrant underground rock scene,citation needed best known internationally for noise rock bands such as Boredoms and Melt Banana, as well as stoner rock bands such as Boris and alternative acts such as Shonen Knife (who were championed in the West by Kurt Cobain),Pizzicato Five and The Pillows (who gained international attention in 1999 for the FLCL soundtrack). More conventional indie rock artists such asEastern Youth, The Band Apart and Number Girl have found some success in Japancitation needed, but little recognition outside of their home country. Other notable international touring indie rock acts are Mono and Nisennenmondai. Punk rock / alternativeedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese hardcoreEarly examples of punk rock in Japan include SS, The Star Club, The Stalin, Inu, Gaseneta, Bomb Factory, Lizard (who were produced by the Stranglers) and Friction (whose guitarist Reck had previously played with Teenage Jesus and the Jerks onwards reversive to Tokyo) and The Blue Hearts. The early punk scene was immortalized on film by Sogo Ishii, who directed the 1982 film Burst City featuring a cast of punk bands/musicians and also filmed videos for The Stalin. In the 80s, hardcore bands such as GISM, Gauze, Confuse, Lip Cream and Systematic Death began appearing, some incorporating crossover elements.citation needed The independent scene also included a diverse number of alternative/post-punk/new wave artists such as Aburadako, P-Model,Uchoten, Auto-Mod, Buck-Tick, Guernica and Yapoos (both of which featured Jun Togawa), G-Schmitt, Totsuzen Danball and Jagatara, along with noise/industrial bands such as Hijokaidan andHanatarashi. Ska-punk bands of the late nineties exte nding in the years 2000 include Shakalabbits and 175R (pronounced inago rider). Heavy metaledit source editbetaJapan is known for being a successful area for metal bands touring around the world and many live albums are recorded in Japan. Notable examples are Judas Priests Unleashed in the East, Iron initiatorys Maiden Japan, DeepPurples Made in Japan and Dream Theaters Live at Budokan. From the international bands, such as Angra, Sonata Arctica and frolic especially with their singerKiara Laetitia have had major success in Japan.citation needed Japanese heavy metal bands started emerging in the late 1970s, pioneered by bands like Bow Wow, formed in 1975 by guitarist Kyoji Yamamoto, and Loudness, formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki. Although there existed other contemporary bands, like Earthshaker, Anthem and 44 Magnum, their debut albums were released only around the mid eighties when metal bands started getting a major exposure. First oversease live performances were by Bow Wow in 1978 in Hong Kong and at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, as well played at the Reading Festival inEngland in 1982.22 In 1983, Loudness toured United States and Europe, and started focusing more on an international career. In 1985, the first Japanese metal act was signed to a major label in the United States. Their albums Thunder in the East and Lightning Strikes, released in 1985 and 1986, peaked at number 74 (while number 4 in homeland Oricon chart), and number 64 in theBillboard 200 charts respectively.2324 work on the end of the eightes only two other bands, Ezo and Dead End, got their albums released in the United States. In the eighties few bands had a female members, like all-female band Show-Ya fronted by Keiko Terada, and Terra Rosa with Kazue Akao on vocals. In September 1989, Show-Yas album Outerlimits was released, it reached number 3 in the Oricon album chart.25 Heavy metal bands reached their peak in the late 80s and many disbanded until the mid-1 990s.Concert of pioneer of visual kei, X Japan atHong Kong in 2009 after their 2007 reunion. In 1982, some of the first Japanese glam metal bands were formed, like Seikima-II with Kabuki-inspired makeup, and X Japan who pioneered the Japanese movement known as visual kei, and became the best-selling metal band.26 In 1985, Seikima-IIs album Seikima-II Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy Metal was released and although reached number 48 on the Oricon album chart exceeded 100,000 in sales, first time for any Japanese metal band. Their albums charted regularly in the top ten until mid 90s. In April 1989, X Japans second album Blue Blood was released and went to number 6, and after 108 weeks on charts sold 712,000 copies.27 Their third and best-selling album Jelaousy was released in July 1991 it topped the chartsand sold 1.11 million copies.27 There were released more two number one studio albums, Art of Life and Dahlia, a singles compilation X Singles, all selling more than half a million,28 and s ince the formation had thirteenth top five singles, disbanding in 1997.29 Extreme metaledit source editbetaJapanese extreme metal bands formed in the wake of American and European wave, but didnt get any bigger exposure until the 90s, and like overseas the genre is usually treated as an underground form of music in Japan.citation needed First thrash metal bands formed in the early 80s, like United, whose music also incorporates death metal elements, and Outrage. Uniteds first international performance took place in Los Angeles at the metal festival Foundations Forum in September 1995 and had few albums released in North America. Formed in the mid 80s, Doom played a gig in the United States in October 1988 at CBGB, and was active until 2000 when disbanded. The first bands to play black metal music were Sabbat, who is still active, and Bellzlleb, who was active until early 90s. some other notable act is Sigh. Doom metal has also gained an audience in Japan. The two best-known Japane se doom metal acts are Church of Misery and Boris, both of whom have gained considerable popularity outside the country. Hip-Hopedit source editbetaMain article Japanese hip-hopHip-hop is a newer form of music on the Japanese music scene. Many felt it was a trend that would immediately pass. However, the genre has lasted for many years and is still thriving. In fact, rappers in Japan did not achieve the success of hip-hop artists in other countries until the late 1980s. This was mainly due to the music worlds belief that Japanese sentences were not capable of forming the rhyming effect that was contained in American rappers songs.30 There is a certain, well-defined structure to the music industry called The Pyramid Structure of a Music Scene. As Ian Condry notes, viewing a music scene in terms of a profit provides a more nuanced understanding of how to interpret the significance of opposite levels and kinds of success.31 The levels are as follows (from lowest to highest) fans and potential artists, performing artists, recording artists(indies), major label artists, and mega-hit stars. These different levels can be clearly seen at a genba, or nightclub. Different families of rappers perform on stage. A family is essentially a collection of rap groups that are usually headed by one of the more famous Tokyo acts, which also include a number of proteges.32 They are important because they are the key to understanding stylistic differences between groups.33 Hip-hop fans in the audience are the ones in control of the night club. They are the judges who determine the winners in rap battles on stage. An example of this can be seen with the battle between rap artists Dabo (a major label artist) andKan (an indie artist). Kan challenged Dabo to a battle on stage while Dabo was mid-performance. Another important part of night clubs was displayed at this time. It showed the openness of the scene and the fluidity of boundaries in clubs.34 Electropop and club musicedit sou rce editbetaSee also electronic music, Synthpop, and Electro musicElectronic pop music in Japan became a successful commodity with the Technopop craze of the late 70s and 80s.citation needed, beginning with Yellow Magic Orchestra and solo albums ofRyuichi Sakamoto and Haruomi Hosono in 1978 before hitting popularity in 1979 and 1980. Influenced by disco, impressionistic and 20th century classical composition, jazz/fusion pop, new wave and technopop artists such as Kraftwerk and Telex, these artists were commercial save uncompromising.citation needed Ryuichi Sakamoto claims that to me, making pop music is not a compromise because I enjoy doing it. The artists that fall under the banner of technopop in Japan are as loose as those that do so in the West, thus new wave bands such as P-Model and The Plastics fall under the category alongside the symphonic techno arrangements of Yellow Magic Orchestra. The popularity of this music meant that many popular artists of the 70s that previou sly were known for acoustic music turned to techno production, such as Taeko Onuki and Akiko Yano, and idol producers began employing electronic arrangements for new singers in the 80s.citation needed Today, newer artists such as Polysics pay explicit homage to this era of Japanese popular (and in some cases underground or difficult to obtain) music.citation needed And the all trio girls band Perfume,who debuted with Tokuma Japan in 2005,are also atechno-pop band, taking on electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune, vocoders, and electrohouse upon their signing to a major label. They are currently considered as one of the most popular bands in Japan. Roots musicedit source editbetaIn the late 1980s, roots bands like Shang Shang Typhoon and The Boom became popular. Okinawan roots bands like Nenes and Kina were also commercially and critically successful. This led to the second wave of Okinawan music, led by the sudden success of Rinkenband. A new wave of bands followed, in cluding the comebacks of Champluse and Kina, as led by Kikusuimaru Kawachiya very similar to kawachi ondo is Tadamaru Sakuragawas goshu ondo. Latin, reggae and ska musicedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese reggae and Japanese skaOther forms of music from Indonesia, Jamaica and elsewhere were assimilated. African soukous and Latin music, like Orquesta de la Luz (), was popular as was Jamaicanreggae and ska, exemplified by Mice Teeth, Mute Beat, La-ppisch, Home Grown and Ska Flames, Determinations, and Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. Noise musicedit source editbetaMain article JapanoiseAnother recognized music form from Japan is noise music. The noise from this country is called Japanoise. Its most prominent representative is Masami Akita with his project Merzbow. make-up musicedit source editbetaTheme music composed for films, anime, Tokusatsu, and Japanese television dramas are considered a separate music genre. Several prominent musical artists and groups have spent m ost of their musical careers performing theme songs and composing soundtracks for visual media. Such artists include Masato Shimon (current holder of the world record for most successful single in Japan for Oyoge Taiyaki-kun),35 Ichirou Mizuki, all of the members of JAM Project, Akira Kushida, Isao Sasaki, and Mitsuko Horie. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include Joe Hisaishi, Michiru Oshima, Yoko Kanno, Toshihiko Sahashi, Yuki Kajiura, Ktar Nakagawa and Yuuki Hayashi. Game musiceditsource editbetaSee also Video support music, Chiptune, and BitpopWhen the first electronic games were sold, they only had rudimentary sound chips with which to produce music. As the technology advanced, the quality of sound and music these game machines could produce increased dramatically. The first game to take credit for its music was Xevious, also noteworthy for its deeply (at that time) constructed stories. Though many games have had beautiful music to accompany their gameplay, one of t he most important games in the history of the video game music is Dragon Quest. Koichi Sugiyama, a composer who was known for his music for various anime and TV shows, including Cyborg 009 and a feature film of Godzilla vs. Biollante, got involved in the project out of the pure curiosity and proved that games can have serious soundtracks. Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the development of video games and programmers with little musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well. Undaunted by technological limits, Sugiyama worked with only 8 part polyphony to create a soundtrack that would not tire the player despite hours and hours of gameplay. Another well-known author of video game music is Nobuo Uematsu. Even Uematsus former compositions for the game series, Final Fantasy, on Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System in America) are being arranged for full orchestral score. In 2003, he even took his rock-based tunes from their original M IDI format and created The Black Mages. Yasunori Mitsuda is a highly known composer of such games as Xenogears, Xenosaga Episode I, Chrono Cross, and Chrono Trigger. Koji Kondo, the main composer for Nintendo, is also prominent on the Japanese game music scene. He is best known for the Zelda and Mario themes. Motoi Sakuraba is also another well-known video game composer. He is known for composing the Tales Series, Dark Souls, Eternal Sonata, Star Ocean, Valkyrie Profile, Golden Sun, and theBaten Kaitos games, as well as numerous Mario Sports games. Yuzo Koshiro is also noted for his work with games, having composed electronic music-influenced soundtracks for games like Revenge of Shinobi and the Streets of Rage series. The techno/trance music production group Ive Sound has made a name for themselves first by making themes for eroge computer games, and then by breaking into the anime scene bycomposing themes for them. Unlike others, this group was able to find fans in other parts of the world through their eroge and anime themes. Today, game soundtracks are sold on CD. Famous singers like Hikaru Utada, Nana Mizuki and BoA sometimes sing songs for games as well, and this is also seen as a way for singers to make a names for themselves. -See alsoedit source editbeta* J-pop* Visual kei* All-Japan Band Association* Buddhist music* Chindonya* Enka* Group Sounds* Japanese hardcore* Japanese hip hop* Japanese ska* Japanoise* Oricon* Rykka* Shibuya-kei* Shint music* Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra* List of Japanese rock bands* List of Japanese hip hop musicians* List of J-pop artists* In scale* Voice acting in Japan